Primus Civil Services Academy

GS 2 Syllabus, Themes and Trend Analysis

General Studies Paper 2 in the UPSC Civil Services Examination focuses on governance, Constitution, polity, social justice, and international relations. It covers the Indian Constitution, government structure, transparency, accountability, and ethical governance. The syllabus also addresses welfare schemes, social justice issues, and India’s relations with neighboring countries and international institutions.

Understanding GS2 equips aspirants with essential knowledge of domestic governance and global affairs.

General Studies 2: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International relations.

Polity

  • Indian Constitution—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.
  • Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
  • Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.
  • Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries.
  • Parliament and State legislatures—structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
  • Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
  • Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.
  • Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.
  • Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.

Governance

  • Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
  • Development processes and the development industry —the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
  • Important Aspects of Governance, Transparency and Accountability, E-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; Citizens Charters, Transparency & Accountability and institutional and other measures.
  • Role of civil services in a democracy.

Social Justice

  • Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these Schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections.
  • Issues Relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
  • Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger.

International Relations

  • India and its neighborhood- relations.
  • Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
  • Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
  • Important International institutions, agencies and fora – their structure, mandate.

It is important to note that the syllabus for the UPSC Civil Services Examination is vast, and candidates are expected to have a comprehensive understanding of the topics mentioned above. In addition to the syllabus, candidates should also focus on current affairs and develop critical thinking and analytical skills to effectively answer questions in the GS2 paper.

UPSC Mains General Studies 2 Themes

Themes Total No. of Years Questions Appeared (2013 - 2023) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Self Help Groups (SHGs)
5
Fundamental Rights
5
Representation of People’s Act
3
Comparison of the Indian Constitutional Scheme with that of Other Countries
6
Centre – State Relations
5
Parliament & State Legislature
10
Separation of Power & Judiciary
10
Functions & Responsibilities of the Union
5
Federal Structure
9
Constitutional Bodies: Statutory, Regulatory & Quasi-Judicial (NHRC, NCBC, NCSC, FC, EC)
10
Vulnerable Section: Welfare Schemes
6
Poverty & Hunger
5
Education
9
Health
6
NGOs & Civil Societies
4
Pressure Groups
3
Governance: Local Governance, e-Governance & ICT, Citizen Charter
9
India & USA
6
Foreign Policy Doctrine
3
WTO
3
UN & Its Organs (UNESCO, Security Council)
5
India & China
3

UPSC Mains General Studies 2 Trend Analysis

In recent years, the UPSC Mains General Studies Paper 2 has seen a clear shift in its pattern. The focus has moved beyond factual recall to a more analytical and integrated approach. Candidates are now expected to demonstrate a deep understanding of polity, governance, social issues, and international relations, highlighting their interconnections and contemporary relevance.

The paper increasingly demands critical evaluation, data interpretation, and the ability to construct logical, evidence-backed arguments. It emphasizes a multidisciplinary perspective, encouraging aspirants to connect concepts across various domains and apply them to real-world contexts.

Original thinking and a holistic understanding are key, and staying updated with current affairs is crucial. To succeed, candidates must cultivate strong analytical skills, adaptability, and the capacity to present well-structured, insightful responses that reflect a broad and integrated view of the subjects.

UPSC Mains General Studies 2 Structure

UPSC Mains General Studies Paper 2 includes 20 compulsory questions presented in both Hindi and English. Candidates must answer in the language selected during the application process; responses in any other language are not evaluated.

The paper carries a total of 250 marks. Answers for 10-mark questions should be within 150 words, while 15-mark questions require up to 250 words.

The syllabus places significant emphasis on governance and polity, often overlapping with topics related to social justice and international relations. Polity questions typically explore the application of constitutional amendments, the interpretation of rights under various parts of the Constitution, and the significance of key provisions.

Candidates are expected to display a strong grasp of governance frameworks and constitutional principles, along with the ability to critically analyze their impact and relevance in contemporary governance, societal issues, and global affairs.

Overall, GS Paper 2 evaluates a candidate’s knowledge, conceptual clarity, and analytical abilities in dealing with governance, polity, social justice, and international relations, with a focus on the real-world application of constitutional provisions.

UPSC Mains General Studies 2 Topic-Wise Questions

Historical Underpinnings & Evolution; Features, Amendments, Significant Provisions, Basic Structure; Comparison Of Indian Constitutional Scheme With Other Countries’

Year Total No. of Questions Questions
2013
01

Q. Discuss Section 66A of IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 of the
Constitution.
2014
01

Q. What do you understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate
speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss.
2015
03

Q. Does the right to clean environment entail legal regulations on burning crackers during Diwali?
Discuss in the light of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution and Judgement(s) of the Apex Court in
this regard.

 

Q. Khap Panchayats have been in the news for functioning as extra-constitutional authorities, often
delivering pronouncements amounting to human rights violations. Discuss critically the actions
taken by the legislative, executive and the judiciary to set the things right in this regard.

 

Q. Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizens a uniform civil code as
provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy.
2016
01

Q. Discuss each adjective attached to the word ‘Republic’ in the preamble. Are they defendable in the
present circumstance’s stances?
2017
01

Q. Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court
on Right to Privacy.
2018
02

Q. Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the President of India?
What consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force?

 

Q. India and USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenants on which the two political systems are based.
2019
02

Q. What can France learn from the Indian Constitution’s approach to secularism?

 

Q. “Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution is a limited power and it cannot be enlarged into
absolute power.” In the light of this statement explain whether Parliament under Article 368 of the
Constitution can destroy the Basic Structure of the Constitution by expanding its amending power?
2020
03

Q. The judicial systems in India and UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in the recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their
judicial practices.

 

Q. Which steps are required for constitutionalization of a commission? Do you think imparting
constitutionality to the National Commission for Women would ensure greater gender justice and empowerment in India? Give reasons.

 

Q. Indian constitution exhibits centralizing tendencies to maintain unity and integrity of the nation.
Elucidate in the perspective of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897; The Disaster Management Act,
2005 and recently passed Farm Acts.
2021
02

Q. Analyze the distinguishing features of the notion of Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and
India.

 

Q. ‘Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets.
Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions.
2022
03

Q. Critically examine the procedures through which the presidents of India and France are elected.

 

Q. “Right of movement and residence throughout the territory of India are freely available to the Indian citizens, but these rights are not absolute”. Comment

 

Q. “The most significant achievement of modern law in India is the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court.” Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws.
2023
04

Q. “Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy”. Comment.

 

Q. Compare and contrast the British and Indian approaches to Parliamentary sovereignty.

 

Q. “The Constitution of India is a living instrument with capabilities of enormous dynamism. It is a constitution made for a progressive society.” Illustrate with special fice to the expanding horizons of the right to life and personal liberty.

 

Q. Account for the legal and political factors responsible for the reduced frequency of using Article 356 by the Union Governments since mid-1990s.
2024
02

Q. Discuss India as a secular state and compare with the secular principles of the US constitution.

 

Q. Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the law relating to D.N.A. testing of child in the womb to establish its paternity.

Executive (Structure, Organization, Functioning); Ministries And Departments (Of Union And State Govts.)

Year Total No. of Questions Questions
2014
02

Q. The size of the cabinet should be as big as governmental work justifies and as big as the Prime
Minister can manage as a team. How far the efficacy of a government then is inversely related to the
size of the cabinet? Discuss.

 

Q. Instances of President’s delay in commuting death sentences has come under public debate as denial of justice. Should there be a time limit specified for the President to accept/reject such petitions? Analyse
2022
02

Q. Discuss the role of the Vice –Presidents of India as the chairman of the Rajyasabha.

 

Q. Discuss the essential conditions for the exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss
the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature.
2024
01

Q. “The growth of cabinet system has practically resulted in the marginalisation of the parliamentary supremacy.” Elucidate.

Union And State Legislatures (Structure, Functioning, Conduct Of Business, Powers & Privileges; Issues Therein); Salient Features Of The Representation Of People’s Act.

Year Total No. of Questions Questions
2013
01

Q. The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result
healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law, which was legislated but with a different intention?
2014
01

Q. The ‘Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members’ as envisaged in Article 105
of the Constitution leave room for a large number of un-codified and un-enumerated privileges to continue. Assess the reasons for the absence of legal codification of the ‘parliamentary privileges. How can this problem be addressed?
2016
01

Q. The Indian party system is passing through a phase of transition which looks to be full of
contradictions and paradoxes.” Discuss.
2017
03

Q. The Indian Constitution has provisions for holding joint session of the two houses of the Parliament.
Enumerate the occasions when this would normally happen and also the occasions when it cannot, with reasons thereof.

 

Q. To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed
electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful?

 

Q. . ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and
money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’. Discuss.
2018
02

Q. In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are
the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India?

 

Q. Why do you think the committees are considered to be useful for parliamentary work? Discuss, in this context, the role or the Estimates Committee.
2019
02

Q. On what grounds a people’s representative can be disqualified under the Representation of People
Act, 1951? Also mention the remedies available to such person against his disqualification.

 

Q. Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national lawmaker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss.
2020
03

Q. “There is a need for simplification of procedure for disqualification of persons found guilty of corrupt practices under the Representation of peoples Act” Comment

 

Q. “Once a speaker, Always a speaker’! Do you think the practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India.

 

Q. Rajya Sabha has been transformed from a ‘useless stepney tyre’ to the most useful supporting organ
in past few decades. Highlight the factors as well as the areas in which this transformation could be visible.
2021
03

Q. To what extent, in your view, the Parliament is able to ensure accountability of the executive in India?

 

Q. Explain the constitutional provisions under which Legislative Councils are established. Review the
working and current status of Legislative Councils with suitable illustrations. 

 

Q. Do Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees keep the administration on its toes and
inspire reverence for parliamentary control? Evaluate the working of such committees with suitable examples.
2022
03

Q. Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in light of the evolution of the Model Code of
Conduct.

 

Q. “While the national political parties in India favour centralisation, the regional parties are in favour of state autonomy.” Comment.

 

Q. Discuss the procedures to decide the disputes arising out of the election of a Member of the Parliament or State Legislature under The Representation of the People Act, 1951. What are the grounds on which the election of any returned candidate may be declared void? What remedy is available to the aggrieved party against the decision? Refer to the case laws.
2023
02

Q. Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic practices.

 

Q. Explain the structure of the Parliamentary Committee system. How far have the financial committees helped in the institutionalization of Indian Parliament?
2024
01

Q. What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-State relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust between the Centre and the States and for strengthening federalism.

Separation Of Powers (Between Different Organs, Dispute Redressal Mechanisms, Institutions); Judiciary (Structure, Organisation Functioning)

Year Total No. of Questions Questions
2013
01

Q. The Supreme Court of India keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament in amending the Constitution. Discuss critically
2014
01

Q. Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive
role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate
the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy
2015
01

Q. Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers doctrine. While noting the rationales justifying the power to promulgate ordinances, analyze whether the decisions of the Supreme Court on the issue have further facilitated resorting to this power. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed?
2016
01

Q. What was held in the Coelho case? In this context, can you say that judicial review is of key importance amongst the basic features of the Constitution?
2017
01

Q. Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.
2018
01

Q. Whether the Supreme Court Judgement (July 2018) can settle the political tussle between the Lt. Governor and elected government of Delhi? Examine.
2019
02

Q. From the resolution of contentious issues regarding distribution of legislative powers by the courts, ‘Principle of Federal Supremacy’ and ‘Harmonious Construction’ have emerged. Explain.

Q. Do you think that constitution of India does not accept principle of strict separation of powers rather it is based on the principle of ‘checks and balance’? Explain. 
2020
02

Q. Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian
Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for
issuing guidelines to executive authorities.

Q. How far do you think cooperation, competition and confrontation have shaped the nature of federation in India? Cite some recent examples to validate your answer.
2021
01

Q. Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness.
2023
02

Q. Explain the constitutional perspectives of Gender Justice with the help of relevant Constitutional Provisions and case laws.

Q. Who are entitled to receive free legal aid? Assess the role of National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) in rendering free legal aid in India.
2024
02

Q. Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases?

Q. Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world’s most powerful judiciary ?

Functions & Responsibilities Of The Union And The States; Issues And Challenges Of Federal Structure; Devolution Of Powers And Finances To Local Levels; Challenges Therein.

Year Total No. of Questions Questions
2013
03

Q. Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss

 

Q. Many State Governments further bifurcate geographical administrative areas like Districts and
Talukas for better governance. In light of the above, can it also be justified that a greater number of smaller States would bring in effective governance at State level? Discuss.

 

Q. Recent directives from Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas are perceived by the `Nagas’ as a threat to override the exceptional status enjoyed by the State. Discuss in light of Article 371A of the Indian Constitution.
2014
01

Q. Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, but it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. Discuss.
2015
02

Q. In absence of a well-educated and organized local level government system, `Panchayats’ and
‘Samitis’ have remained mainly political institutions and not effective instruments of governance.
Critically discuss.

 

Q. The concept of cooperative federalism has been increasingly emphasized in recent years. Highlight the drawbacks in the existing structure and the extent to which cooperative federalism would answer the shortcomings.
2016
03

Q. Did the Government of India Act, 1935 lay down a federal constitution? Discuss

 

Q. To what extent is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, bearing marginal note “Temporary
provision with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir”, temporary? Discuss the future
prospects of this provision in the context of Indian polity.

 

Q. Discuss the essentials of the 69th Constitutional Amendment Act and anomalies, if any that have led to recent reported conflicts between the elected representatives and the institution of the Lieutenant Governor in the administration of Delhi. Do you think that this will give rise to a new
trend in the functioning of the Indian federal politics?
2017
01

Q. “The local self-government system in India has not proved to be effective instrument of
governance”. Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation.
2018
02

Q. Assess the importance of Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from
government grants, what sources the Panchayats can look out for financing developmental projects.

 

Q. How is the Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you about the terms of reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss.
2019
01

Q. “The reservation of seats for women in the institutions of local self- government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian Political Process.” Comment. 
2020
01

Q. The strength sustenance of local institutions in India has shifted from their formative phase of
‘Functions, Functionaries and Funds’ to the contemporary stage of ‘Functionality’. Highlight the
critical challenges faced by local institutions in terms of their functionality in recent times.
2022
01

Q. To what extent, in your opinion, as the decentralization of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots?
2023
02

Q. Explain the significance of the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act. To what extent does it reflect the accommodative spirit of federalism

 

Q. “The states in India seem reluctant to empower urban local bodies both functionally as well as financially.” Comment.
2024
01

Q. Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees, with particular reference to “one nation – one election” principle.

Appointment To Various Constitutional Posts; Constitutional Bodies (Powers, Functions And Responsibilities); Statutory, Regulatory And Quasi-Judicial Bodies.

Year Total No. of Questions Questions
2013
02

Q. Discuss the recommendations of the 13th Finance Commission which have been a departure from the previous commissions for strengthening the local government finances.

 

Q. The product diversification of financial institutions and insurance companies, resulting in
overlapping of products and services strengthens the case for the merger of the two regulatory
agencies, namely SEBI and IRDA. Justify.
2014
02

Q. The setting up of a Rail Tariff Authority to regulate fares will subject the cash strapped Indian
Railways to demand subsidy for obligation to operate non-profitable routes and services. Taking
into account the experience in the power sector, discuss if the proposed reform is expected to
benefit the consumers, the Indian Railways or the private container operators.

 

Q. National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India can be most effective when its tasks are
adequately supported by other mechanisms that ensure the accountability of a government. In light of the above observation assess the role of NHRC as an effective complement to the judiciary and other institutions in promoting and protecting human rights standards.
2015
02

Q. “For achieving the desired objectives, it is necessary to ensure that the regulatory institutions
remain independent and autonomous.” Discuss in the light of the experiences in recent past.

 

Q. What are the major changes brought in the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 through the
recent Ordinance promulgated by the President? How far will it improve India’s dispute resolution mechanism? Discuss
2016
02

Q. Exercise of CAC’s powers in relation to the accounts of the Union and the States is derived from Article 149 of the Indian Constitution. Discuss whether audit of the Government’s Policy
implementation could amount to overstepping its own (CAG) jurisdiction.

 

Q. What is a quasi-judicial body? Explain with the help of concrete examples
2017
01

Q. Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer.
2018
02

Q. How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts? In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and competency of the tribunals in India

 

Q. “The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has a very vital role to play.” Explain how this is reflected in the method and terms of his appointment as well as the range of powers he can exercise.
2019
02

Q. “The Attorney-General is the chief legal adviser and lawyer of the Government of India.” Discuss.

 

Q. “The Central Administration Tribunal which was established for redressal of grievances and
complaints by or against central government employees, nowadays is exercising its powers as an
independent judicial authority.” Explain
2021
03

Q. How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the states to improve their fiscal position?

 

Q. Though the Human Rights Commissions have contributed immensely to the protection of human rights in India, yet they have failed to assert themselves against the mighty and powerful. Analyzing their structural and practical limitations, suggest remedial measures.

 

Q. The jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) regarding lodging FIR and conducting probe within a particular state is being questioned by various States. However, the power of States to withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special reference to the federal character of India.
2022
01

Q. Discuss the role of the National Commission for Backward Classes in the wake of its transformation from a statutory body to a constitutional body.
2024
02

Q. “The duty of the Comptroller and Auditor General is not merely to ensure the legality of expenditure but also its propriety.” Comment.

 

Q. What are the aims and objects of recently passed and enforced, The Public Examination (prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024? Whether University/State Education Board examinations, too, are covered under the Act?

Government Policies & Interventions For Development Of Various Sectors (Issues In Their Design, Implementation)

Year Total No. of Questions Questions
2014
01

Q. Though 100 percent FDI is already allowed in non-news media like a trade publication and general
entertainment channel, the Government is mulling over the proposal for increased FDI in news media for quite some time. What difference would an increase in FDI make? Critically evaluate the pros and cons.
2016
01

Q. Has the Indian governmental system responded adequately to the demands of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization started in 1991? What can the government do to be responsive to this important change? 
2017
01

Q. Explain the salient features of the constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016. Do you think it is efficacious enough ‘to remove cascading effect of taxes and provide for common national market for goods and services’?
2018
01

Q. “Policy contradictions among various competing sectors and stakeholders have resulted in inadequate ‘protection and prevention of degradation’ to environment.” Comment with relevant illustration.
2022
02

Q. Reforming the government delivery system through the Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme is a progressive step, but it has limitations too. Comment.

 

Q. The Gati-Shakti Yojana needs meticulous coordination between the government and the private sector to achieve the goal of connectivity. Discuss.
2024
01

Q. The Doctrine of Democratic Governance makes it necessary that the public perception of the integrity and commitment of civil servants becomes absolutely positive. Discuss.

Important Aspects Of Governance; Transparency And Accountability (Institutional And Other Measures); Citizens Charter; E-Governance (Applications, Models, Successes, Limitations, Potential)

Year Total No. of Questions Questions
2013
02

Q. ‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality in public
affairs. Discuss.

 

Q. Though Citizen’s charters have been formulated by many public service delivery organizations, there is no corresponding improvement in the level of citizens’ satisfaction and quality of services being provided. Analyze
2015
02

Q. “If amendment bill to the Whistleblowers Act, 2011 tabled in the Parliament is passed, there may be
no one left to protect.” Critically evaluate.

 

Q. In the light of the Satyam Scandal (2009), discuss the changes brought in corporate governance to
ensure transparency, accountability.
2016
02

Q. In the integrity index of Transparency International, India stands very low. Discuss briefly the legal,
political, economic, social and cultural factors that have caused the decline of public morality in India.

 

Q. “Effectiveness of the government system at various levels and people’s participation in the governance system are inter-dependent.” Discuss their relationship with each other in context of India.
2017
01

Q. Discuss the role of Public Accounts Committee in establishing accountability of the government to
the people.
2018
02

Q. Citizens’ Charter is an ideal instrument of organizational transparency and accountability, but. it has
its own limitations. Identify the limitations and suggest measures for greater effectiveness or the Citizens Charter

 

Q. E-Governance is not only about utilization of the power of new technology, but also much about critical importance of the ‘use value’ of information Explain. 
2019
01

Q. Implementation of information and Communication Technology (ICT) based Projects / Programmes
usually suffers in terms of certain vital factors. Identify these factors, and suggest measures for their
effective implementation.
2020
02

Q. “Recent amendments to the Right to information Act will have profound impact on the autonomy and independence of the Information Commission”. Discuss

 

Q. “The emergence of Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as
an integral part of government”. Discuss.
2023
01

Q. E-governance, as a critical tool of governance, has ushered in effectiveness, transparency and accountability in governments. What inadequacies hamper the enhancement of these features?

2024
03

Q. The Citizens’ charter has been a landmark initiative in ensuring citizen-centric administration. But it is yet to reach its full potential. Identify the factors hindering the realisation of its promise and suggest measures to overcome them.

 

Q. e-governance is not just about the routine application of digital technology in service delivery process. It is as much about multifarious interactions for ensuring transparency and accountability. In this context, evaluate the role of the ‘Interactive Service Model’ of e-governance.

 

Q. Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level and bring out the pros and cons of merging the rural local bodies with the urban local bodies.

Development Processes & Development Industry (Role Of Ngos, Shgs, Groups & Associations, Donors, Charities, Institutional And Other Stakeholders), Pressure Groups & Formal, Informal Associations (And Their Role In The Polity), Role Of Civil Services In A Democracy.

Year Total No. of Questions Questions
2013
02

Q. Pressure group politics is sometimes seen as the informal face of politics. With regards to the above, assess the structure and functioning of pressure groups in India.

 

Q. The legitimacy and accountability of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and their patrons, the micro-finance
outfits, need systematic assessment and scrutiny for the sustained success of the concept. Discuss.
2014
02

Q. The penetration of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes is facing socio-cultural hurdles. Examine.

 

Q. Has the Cadre based Civil Services Organisation been the cause of slow change in India? Critically
examine.
2015
03

Q. How can the role of NGOs be strengthened in India for development works relating to protection of
the environment? Discuss throwing light on the major constraints.

 

Q. The Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP), which is India’s own innovation, has
proved to be one of the most effective poverty alleviation and women empowerment programmes. Elucidate.

 

Q. Examine critically the recent changes in the rules governing foreign funding of NGOs under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 1976.
2016
02

Q. “Traditional bureaucratic structure and culture have hampered the process of socio-economic development in India.” Comment.

 

Q. “In the Indian governance system, the role of non-state actors has been only marginal.” Critically
examine this statement
2017
03

Q. How do pressure groups influence Indian political process? Do you agree with this view that informal pressure groups have emerged as powerful than formal pressure groups in recent years?

 

Q. ‘The emergence of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in contemporary times points to the slow but steady withdrawal of the state from developmental activities. Examine the role of the SHGs in developmental activities and the measures taken by the Government of India to promote the SHGs. 

 

Q. Initially Civil Services in India were designed to achieve the goals of neutrality and effectiveness,
which seems to be lacking in the present context. Do you agree with the view that drastic reforms are required in Civil Services? Comment
2019
01

Q. What are the methods used by the Farmers organizations to influence the policy- makers in India
and how effective are these methods?
2020
01

Q. “Institutional quality is a crucial driver of economic performance”. In this context suggest reforms in Civil Service for strengthening democracy.
2021
02

Q. “Pressure groups play a vital role in influencing public policy making in India.” Explain how the
business associations contribute to public policies.

 

Q. Can Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations present an alternative model of public service delivery to benefit the common citizen. Discuss the challenges of this alternative model.
2022
01

Q. Do you agree with the view that increasing dependence on donor agencies for development reduces the importance of community participation in the development process? Justify your answer
2023
02

Q. Discuss the contribution of civil society groups for women’s effective and meaningful participation and representation in state legislatures in India.

 

Q. Discuss the role of the Competition Commission of India in containing the abuse of dominant position by the Multi-National Corporations in India. Refer to the recent decisions.

2024
01

Q. Public charitable trusts have the potential to make India’s development more inclusive as they relate to certain vital public issues. Comment.

Welfare Schemes (Centre, States; Performance, Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions And Bodies Constituted For Protection Of Vulnerable Sections)

Year Total No. of Questions Questions
2013
02

Q. Electronic cash transfer system for the welfare schemes is an ambitious project to minimize corruption, eliminate wastage and facilitate reforms. Comment.

 

Q. The basis of providing urban amenities in rural areas (PURA) is rooted in establishing connectivity.
Comment.
2014
02

Q. Do government’s schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting
required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economics?

 

Q. Two parallel run schemes of the Government viz. the Aadhaar Card and NPR, one as voluntary and the other as compulsory, have led to debates at national levels and also litigations. On merits, discuss whether or not both schemes need run concurrently. Analyze the potential of the schemes to achieve developmental benefits and equitable growth.
2017
01

Q. Does the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure effective mechanism for empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the society? Discuss
2018
02

Q. Multiplicity of various commissions for the vulnerable sections or the society leads to problems or
overlapping jurisdiction and duplication of functions. Is it better to merge all commissions into an umbrella Human Rights Commission? Argue your case.

 

Q. Whether National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSCJ) can enforce the implementation of constitutional reservation for the Scheduled Castes in the religious minority institutions? Examine.
2019
04

Q. Performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to absence of their awareness and active involvement at all stages of policy process – Discuss.

 

Q. The need for cooperation among various service sector has been an inherent component of development discourse. Partnership bridges bring the gap among the sectors. It also sets in motion a culture of ‘Collaboration’ and ‘team spirit’. In the light of statements above examine India’s Development process.

 

Q. ‘In the context of neo-liberal paradigm of development planning, multi-level planning is expected to make operations cost effective and remove many implementation blockages.’-Discuss.

 

Q. There is a growing divergence in the relationship between poverty and hunger in India. The shrinking of social expenditure by the government is forcing the poor to spend more on Non- Food essential items squeezing their food – budget. Elucidate.
2021
01

Q. “Though women in post-Independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu?
2022
02

Q. Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of the society. Discuss

 

Q. The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 remains only a legal document without intense sensitization of Government functionaries and citizens regarding disability. Comment.
2023
01

Q. “Development and welfare schemes for the vulnerable, by its nature, are discriminatory in approach.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.

Poverty And Hunger Issues

Year Total No. of Questions Questions
2013
01

Q. The Central Government frequently complains on the poor performance of the State Governments
in eradicating suffering of the vulnerable sections of the society. Restructuring of Centrally sponsored schemes across the sectors for ameliorating the cause of vulnerable sections of population aims at providing flexibility to the States in better implementation. Critically evaluate.
2015
01

Q. Though there have been several different estimates of poverty in India, all indicate reduction in
poverty levels over time. Do you agree? Critically examine with reference to urban and rural poverty indicators.
2017
02

Q. ‘Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India remain mere show pieces until and unless they are backed
by political will’. Discuss with reference to the performance of the major poverty alleviation programmes in India.

 

Q. Hunger and Poverty are the biggest challenges for good governance in India still today. Evaluate how far successive governments have progressed in dealing with these humongous problems. Suggest measures for improvement.
2018
01

Q. How far do you agree with the view that the focus on lack or availability of food as the main cause of
hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human development policies in India?
2020
02

Q. “Micro-Finance as an anti-poverty vaccine, is aimed at asset creation and income security of the rural poor in India”. Evaluate the role of Self-Help Groups in achieving the twin objectives along with empowering women in rural India.

 

Q. “The incidence and intensity of poverty are more important in determining poverty based on income alone”. In this context analyze the latest United Nations Multidimensional Poverty Index Report.
2021
01

Q. Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples.
2024
01

Q. Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human capital formation. What steps can be taken to break the cycle?

Social Sector & Social Services (Health, Education, Human Resources – Issues In Development, Management);

Year Total No. of Questions Questions
2013
02

Q. Identify the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that are related to health. Discuss the success of the actions taken by the Government for achieving the same.

 

Q. The concept of Mid-Day Meal (MDM) scheme is almost a century old in India with early beginnings in Madras Presidency in pre-independent India. The scheme has again been given impetus in most states in the last two decades. Critically examine its twin objectives, latest mandates and success.
2014
02

Q. . Should the premier institutes like IITs/IIMs be allowed to retain premier status, allowed more academic independence in designing courses and also decide mode/criteria of selection of students. Discuss in light of the growing challenges.

 

Q. An athlete participates in Olympics for personal triumph and nation’s glory; victors are showered with cash incentives by various agencies, on their return. Discuss the merit of state sponsored talent hunt and its cultivation as against the rationale of a reward mechanism as encouragement.
2015
02

Q. Public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that the
private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives would you suggest?

 

Q. The quality of higher education in India requires major improvements to make it internationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve the quality of higher and technical education in the country? Discuss.
2016
03

Q. Professor Amartya Sen has advocated important reforms in the realms of primary education and primary health care. What are your suggestions to improve their status and performance?

 

Q. “Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more
educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable?

 

Q. Examine the main provisions of the National Child Policy and throw light on the status of its implementation.
2017
01

Q. ‘To ensure effective implementation of policies addressing water, sanitation and hygiene needs, the
identification of beneficiary segments is to be synchronized with the anticipated outcomes’ Examine
the statement in the context of the WASH scheme.
2018
01

Q. Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain
2019
01

Q. Despite Consistent experience of High growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human
development. Examine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive.
2020
02

Q. In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss.

 

Q. National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It
intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement.
2021
03

Q. Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, couple with lack of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) accessibility hindered socio-economic development? Examine with justification.

 

Q. “Earn while you learn’ scheme needs to be strengthened to make vocational education and skill training meaningful.” Comment.

 

Q. “Besides being a moral imperative of Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyze.
2022
01

Q. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse
2023
02

Q. The crucial aspect of development process has been the inadequate attention paid to Human Resource Development in India. Suggest measures that can address this inadequacy.

 

Q. Skill development programmes have succeeded in increasing human resources supply to various sectors. In the context of the statement analyze the linkages between education, skill, and employment.
2024
01

Q. In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketization of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level.

India And Its Neighbourhood (Relations)

Year Total No. of Questions Questions
2013
07

Q. What is meant by Gujral doctrine? Does it have any relevance today? Discuss

 

Q. In respect of India — Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence foreign policy.

 

Q. Discuss the political developments in Maldives in the last two years. Should they be of any cause of concern to India? 

 

Q. The protests in Shahbag Square in Dhaka in Bangladesh reveal a fundamental split in society between the nationalists and Islamic forces. What is its significance for India?

 

Q. What do you understand by ‘The String of Pearls’? How does it impact India? Briefly outline the steps taken by India to counter this.

 

Q. The proposed withdrawal of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) from Afghanistan in 2014 is fraught with major security implications for the countries of the region. Examine in light of the fact that India is faced with a plethora of challenges and needs to safeguard its own strategic interests.

 

Q. ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor
2014
01

Q. With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising tension affirm the need for safeguarding maritime security to ensure freedom of navigation and over flight throughout the region. In this context, discuss the bilateral issues between India and China.
2015
02

Q. Terrorist activities and mutual distrust have clouded India-Pakistan relations. To what extent the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchanges could help generate goodwill between the two countries? Discuss with suitable examples.

 

Q. Project `Mausam’ is considered a unique foreign policy initiative of the Indian Government to improve relationship with its neighbors. Does the project have a strategic dimension? Discuss.
2016
01

Q. “Increasing cross-border terrorist attacks in India and growing interference in the internal affairs of
several member-states by Pakistan are not conducive for the future of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation).” Explain with suitable examples
2022
01

Q. ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka’. Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in light of
the preceding statement.
2024
01

Q. Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India, with a focus on global trade and energy flows. Further, also discuss how this relationship affects India’s maritime security and regional stability amidst international competition?

Effect Of Policies & Politics Of Developed And Developing Countries On India (India’s Interests, Diaspora)

Year Total No. of Questions Questions
2013
01

Q. Economic ties between India and Japan while growing in the recent years are still far below their potential. Elucidate the policy constraints which are inhibiting this growth.
2015
01

Q. Increasing interest of India in Africa has its pros and cons. Critically examine. 
2016
01

Q. Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the
post-Cold War international scenario.
2017
02

Q. Indian Diaspora has an important role to play in South-East Asian countries’ economy and society.
Appraise the role of Indian Diaspora in South- East Asia in this context

 

Q. The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyze India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian Countries.
2018
02

Q. ‘India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss.

 

Q. In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of
India? How should India respond to this situation?
2019
03

Q. “What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self- esteem and ambitions” Explain with suitable examples.

 

Q. “The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalized Nations has disappeared on account of its new-found role in the emerging global order”. Elaborate.

 

Q. ‘The time has come for India and Japan to build a strong contemporary relationship, one involving
global and strategic partnership that will have a great significance for Asia and the world as a whole.’ Comment.
2020
01

Q. ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European
Countries’. Comment with examples.
2021
02

Q. “If the last few decades were of Asia’s growth story, the next few are expected to be of Africa’s.” In
the light of this statement, examine India’s influence in Africa in recent years.

 

Q. “The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of a China, that is much more challenging than
the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain.
2022
02

Q. How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics? 

 

Q. Clean energy is the order of the day.’ Describe briefly India’s changing policy towards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics.
2023
02

Q. Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India.

 

Q. ‘The expansion and strengthening of NATO and a stronger US-Europe strategic partnership works well in India.’ What is your opinion about this statement? Give reasons and examples to support your answer.     
2024
01

Q. ‘The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples.

Important International Institutions, Agencies, For A (Structure, Mandate); Bilateral, Regional, Global Groupings & Agreements (Involving And/Or Affecting India)

Year Total No. of Questions Questions
2013
01

Q. The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Institutions, are the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the world’s economic and financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF exhibit many common characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate.
2014
04

Q. WTO is an important international institution where decisions taken affect countries in profound manner. What is the mandate of WTO and how binding

 

Q. India has recently signed to become founding a New Development Bank (NDB) and also the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). How will the role of the two Banks be different? Discuss the significance of these two Banks for India.

 

Q. Some of the International funding agencies have special terms for economic participation stipulating a substantial component of the aid to be used for sourcing equipment from the leading countries. Discuss on merits of such terms and if, there exists a strong case not to accept such conditions in the Indian context.

 

Q. The aim of Information Technology Agreements (ITAs) is to lower all taxes and tariffs on information technology products by signatories to zero. What impact should such agreements have on India’s interests?
2015
01

Q. Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in UN Security Council.
2016
02

Q. What are the aims and objectives of the McBride Commission of the UNESCO? What is India’s position on these?

 

Q. “The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalization. But the Doha round of negotiations seem doomed due to differences between the developed and the developing countries.” Discuss in the Indian perspective.
2017
01

Q. What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain
different functional commissions attached to it
2018
02

Q. What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’,
especially keeping in mind the interest of India?

 

Q. A number or outside powers have entrenched themselves in Central Asia, which is a zone to interest to India. Discuss the implications, in this context, of India’s joining the Ashgabat Agreement, 2018.
2019
01

Q. ‘Too little cash, too much politics, leaves UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the statement in the light
of US’ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as being ‘anti-Israel bias’.
2020
03

Q. ‘Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD)’ is the transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military
alliance, in present times – Discuss.

 

Q. What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

 

Q. Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the COVID-19 pandemic.
2021
02

Q. Critically examine the aims and objectives of SCO. what importance does it hold for India?

 

Q. The newly tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the IndoPacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario
2022
01

Q. Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and
dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian Foreign Policy objectives realised by forming this
new organisation?
2023
02

Q. ‘Virus of Conflict is affecting the functioning of the SCO’. In the light of the above statement point out the role of India in mitigating problems.

 

Q. ‘Sea is an important Component of the Cosmos’. Discuss in the light of the above statement the role of the IMO (International Maritime Organisation) in protecting environment and enhancing maritime safety and security.   
2024
02

Q. Critically analyse India’s evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian Republics (CARs) highlighting their increasing significance in regional and global geopolitics.

 

Q. ‘Terrorism has become a significant threat to global peace and security.’ Evaluate the effectiveness of the United Nations Security Council’s Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC) and its associated bodies in addressing and mitigating this threat at the international level.
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