• Human–wildlife conflict — legal protection can clash with human safety and livelihoods (e.g., rising conflicts in Kerala with boar/monkey incidents). (Example: Kerala seeking amendments to address conflicts).
• Enforcement & capacity gaps — states sometimes lack manpower/technology to prevent poaching or illegal trade. (Example: uneven enforcement across states; CZA probes of zoo management show oversight challenges).
• Centre–State coordination — wildlife is a concurrent/complex area requiring cooperation; disputes over species classification or actions can arise. (Example: Kerala’s repeated requests to change schedules for bonnet macaque).
• Socio-economic exclusion — forest-dependent communities & tribal rights can be adversely affected unless integrated (need for FPIC, CFR/Forest Rights Act linkages). (Example: tensions around relocation & compensation).
• Evolving threats (trade, habitat fragmentation) — illegal trade networks and landscape fragmentation need modern responses (tech, intelligence, cross-border cooperation). (Example: establishment of WCCB to tackle organized wildlife crime).

Unemployment reflects the inability of an economy to provide productive work opportunities for its workforce, despite their willingness and ability to work. The International Labour Organization (ILO) defines it as a situation where individuals of working age, without employment, are available for work and actively seeking it. It remains both an economic inefficiency and a social challenge, influencing growth, equity, and stability.