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December 02nd Current Affairs

Home / UPSC / Current affairs / UPSC Current Affairs – December 2

Table of Contents

Bioterrorism a serious threat, world not ready: S. Jaishankar

Relevance to UPSC

GS Paper-III: Security & Disaster Management

    • Understanding bioterrorism, biological agents, and dual-use biotechnology.
    • Gaps in global preparedness and India’s own biodefence and biosecurity architecture.
    • Role of NDMA, NCDC, ICMR, and health surveillance systems.
    • Link to non-traditional security threats and CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear) preparedness.

GS Paper-IV: Ethics

    • Ethical concerns around genetic engineering, dual-use research, gain-of-function studies, and responsible scientific innovation.
    • Duty of states and scientists to prevent misuse of biotechnology.

More About the News

    • External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar warned that bioterrorism has emerged as a major global threat, and the world remains inadequately prepared to deal with deliberate or accidental biological incidents.
    • He highlighted the rapid advancement of biotechnology, synthetic biology, genome editing tools (like CRISPR), and dual-use research, which can be misused by terrorists, rogue states, or non-state actors to engineer pathogens.
    • The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated severe global vulnerabilities in healthcare infrastructure, early detection systems, supply chains, and global coordination—revealing how devastating a deliberate bio-attack could be.
    • Jaishankar stressed the need for stronger global frameworks, better surveillance capabilities, transparent information-sharing, and enhanced cooperation under institutions such as the WHO and Biological Weapons Convention (BWC).
    • India has been pushing for improved biosecurity norms, capacity-building, and resilient health systems as part of its broader national security strategy.
    • The minister also emphasized that the challenge requires a whole-of-world approach, involving scientific communities, governments, intelligence agencies, and international organizations to prevent misuse of emerging biological technologies.

BIOTERRORISM

Bioterrorism refers to the deliberate release of biological agents—such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or toxins—to cause illness, death, fear, and societal disruption. Unlike conventional terrorism, bioterrorism exploits living organisms, making detection and response challenging. The growing accessibility of biotechnology, globalization, and fragile public health systems have heightened concerns about biological threats in the 21st century.

Key Characteristics

    • Invisible and silent threat: Biological agents often remain undetected until symptoms appear.
    • High psychological impact: Fear and panic can exceed physical damage.
    • Low cost, high impact for perpetrators.
    • Potential for rapid spread due to travel and urban density.
    • Dual-use technology: Advances in genetic engineering and synthetic biology can be misused.

Historical Context

Past Incidents:

    • 1979: Sverdlovsk anthrax leak (USSR) – accidental but highlighted risks.
    • 1984: Rajneeshee cult in Oregon used salmonella to influence elections.
    • 2001: Anthrax letters in the U.S. after 9/11 attacks.

These events demonstrate how even localized biological incidents can trigger massive national security responses.

Motivations Behind Bioterrorism

    • Political: Destabilizing governments.
    • Religious/ideological extremism.
    • Economic: Targeting agriculture/food systems.
    • Psychological intimidation.
    • State-sponsored warfare (biological warfare).

Impact of Bioterrorism

a) Public Health Impact

    • Causes large-scale morbidity and significant mortality rates.
    • Severely overburdens hospitals and healthcare systems.
    • Requires highly specialized and advanced diagnostic capacity.

b) Socio-economic Impact

    • Disrupts essential supply chains and market functioning.
    • Reduces workforce productivity across multiple economic sectors.
    • Creates long-term stigma for affected geographic regions.

c) Political and National Security Impact

    • Leads to breakdown of public trust in institutions.
    • Triggers border closures and heightened diplomatic tensions.
    • Diverts development resources toward national security measures.

d) Psychological Impact

    • Generates panic, fear, misinformation and widespread stigma.

India's Vulnerabilities

    • Dense population and urbanization.
    • Gaps in biosurveillance and rural health infrastructure.
    • Porous borders and illegal wildlife trade.
    • Limited specialised bio-defence facilities.
    • Dual-use nature of the rapidly growing biotech sector.

Measures Taken by India

A. Institutional Mechanisms
    • National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines on biological disasters.
    • Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) for surveillance.
    • National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) with BSL-3 labs.
    • Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) bio-defence research.
    • Biosafety and biosecurity rules under the Environment Protection Act.
B. Laboratory Infrastructure
    • Network of BSL-2/3 labs across states.
    • Upgradation of BSL-4 facility at NIV Pune.
C. Legal Measures
    • Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 (old but used during emergencies).
    • Disaster Management Act, 2005.
    • Livestock and plant quarantine laws.
    • National Health Bill (proposed) aims to strengthen response.
D. Surveillance and Early Warning
    • Airport/seaport health checks.
    • Real-time digital disease surveillance under IDSP.
    • Collaboration with WHO’s Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN).
E. Defence Preparedness
    • Protective equipment for security forces.
    • Training for first responders.
    • Simulation exercises and mock drills.

Global Framework to Prevent Bioterrorism

A. Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), 1972
    • First multilateral disarmament treaty banning biological weapons.
    • India is a signatory.
    • Limitation: No verification mechanism.
B. International Health Regulations (IHR 2005)
    • Ensures global detection and reporting of public health emergencies.
C. United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR 1540)
    • Prevents non-state actors from acquiring WMD, including biological agents.
D. Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA)
    • Strengthens national capacities.

Challenges in Combating Bioterrorism

    • Difficulty in early detection of outbreaks with natural-like symptoms.
    • Potential misuse of CRISPR, synthetic biology, gene editing.
    • Lack of adequate biosafety enforcement.
    • Limited inter-agency coordination.
    • Cyberbiosecurity concerns—hacking genetic databases.
    • Misinformation and social media panic.

Strategies for Strengthening India’s Preparedness

A. Strengthen Biosurveillance & Detection
    • AI-based epidemic monitoring.
    • One Health approach—linking human, animal, and environmental health.

B. Enhance Laboratory Capacity

    • Expand BSL-3 labs to all regions.
    • Invest in mobile diagnostic labs.

C. Legal & Regulatory Reforms

    • Comprehensive Biosecurity Law.
    • Strengthened regulation of DNA synthesis and biotech research.

D. Improve Response Mechanisms

    • Stockpile vaccines, antivirals, PPE.
    • Trained rapid response teams in every district.

E. Research & Innovation

    • INDIGENOUS vaccines, diagnostic kits.
    • Public-private partnerships in biotech.

F. International Collaboration

    • Sharing real-time data.
    • Joint training exercises.
    • Participation in global surveillance programs.

Bioterrorism is not just a health challenge but a national security threat with profound strategic implications. As biological tools become more accessible, India must shift from a reactive to a proactive, preventive, and preparedness-based approach. A robust biosecurity architecture, empowered institutions, and global cooperation are crucial to safeguard the nation from future biological threats.

Prelims MCQ

Q. Consider the following statements regarding Bioterrorism:

1. Bioterrorism involves deliberate release of biological agents to cause harm.
2. The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) legally bans development, production, and stockpiling of biological weapons.
3. Biological agents used in bioterrorism are always contagious and capable of human-to-human transmission.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 1 and 2 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Mains Question

Q. Bioterrorism poses a multidimensional threat cutting across public health, national security, and international diplomacy. Discuss the major challenges in preventing bioterrorism and suggest a robust strategy for strengthening India’s biosecurity preparedness.

Next decade will define Indian space exploration: Shubhanshu Shukla

Relevance to UPSC

GS Paper-III: Science & Technology – Space Technology

    • India’s expanding space capabilities: launch vehicles, satellites, human spaceflight, deep-space missions.
    • Role of ISRO, IN-SPACe & NewSpace India Ltd. (NSIL) in India’s space policy ecosystem.
    • Indigenous innovation, private sector participation, and commercialization of space technologies.
    • Strategic importance of space for communication, navigation, surveillance, and disaster management.

GS Paper-II: International Relations

    • India’s position in global space cooperation (NASA, JAXA, ESA, Roscosmos).
    • Relevance of emerging frameworks like the Artemis Accords and international space governance.
    • Growing role of India in global satellite launches and space diplomacy.

More About the News

    • Shubhanshu Shukla, stated that the coming decade will be crucial for shaping India’s future in space exploration, as the country prepares for a series of landmark missions.
    • India’s near-term focus includes major projects such as the Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission, Chandrayaan-4 for sample return, the NISAR Earth observation mission (with NASA), and the Aditya-L1 follow-up missions for advanced solar study.
    • Shukla highlighted the rapid expansion of India’s launch vehicle ecosystem, including enhancements to LVM3, reusable launch vehicle (RLV) demonstrations, and small satellite launch vehicles (SSLV).
    • The next decade will also witness deeper involvement of the private space sector, enabled by policies such as the Indian Space Policy 2023 and regulatory support from IN-SPACe, fostering startups in launch, satellites, and space-based services.
    • India aims to significantly increase its share of the global space economy, currently under 3%, by strengthening manufacturing, boosting satellite capacity, and creating export opportunities.
    • Growth in space-based applications—communication, navigation (NavIC), disaster response, agriculture, and climate monitoring—will further connect space science with national development goals.
    • Shukla also emphasized the importance of collaboration, innovation, and sustained investment, noting that India’s achievements like Chandrayaan-3 have already placed it among the leading spacefaring nations, and the next decade will determine its long-term strategic positioning in global space exploration.

INDIAN SPACE EXPLORATION

India’s space exploration programme, led by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), has grown from humble beginnings in the 1960s to a global exemplar of cost-effective and innovative space technology. It spans satellite development, launch vehicles, interplanetary missions, navigation systems, commercial applications, and a rising private-sector ecosystem.

Evolution of the Indian Space Programme

    • 1962: INCOSPAR established under Dr. Vikram Sarabhai.
    • 1969: ISRO formed to apply space science for national development.
    • 1975: First Indian satellite Aryabhata launched.
    • 1980: SLV-3 places Rohini satellite into orbit.
    • 1990s–2000s: PSLV and GSLV become operational.
    • 2010s: Landmark missions like Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan.
    • 2020s: Space sector reforms enabling private participation.

Major Satellite Programmes

    • Communication Satellites (INSAT/GSAT): Provide services in telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology, and disaster management.
    • Earth Observation Satellites (IRS series): Support agriculture, water resources, environmental monitoring, and urban planning.
    • Navigation Satellites (NavIC/IRNSS): Ensure strategic autonomy and accurate regional positioning services.

Launch Vehicle Development

    • PSLV – “Workhorse of ISRO”: Highly reliable medium-lift launcher used for Earth observation and foreign satellite missions.
    • GSLV & GSLV Mk-III (LVM3): Equipped with indigenous cryogenic engines; capable of launching heavy communication and deep-space missions.
    • SSLV (Small Satellite Launch Vehicle): Designed for small satellites and rapid turnaround commercial launches.
    • Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) Programme: Aims to reduce launch costs through reusability; successful autonomous landing demonstrations conducted.

Landmark Space Science Missions

Chandrayaan Programme

    • Chandrayaan-1 discovered lunar water/ice and mapped surface minerals.

    • Chandrayaan-2 orbiter continues functioning with high-resolution instruments.

    • Chandrayaan-3 achieved India’s first successful lunar soft landing (2023).

Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission)

    • Made India the first nation to reach Mars orbit on its first attempt; acclaimed for cost-efficient engineering.

Aditya-L1

    • India’s first solar observatory at Lagrange point L1 studying solar wind, corona, and solar storms.

Astrosat

    • India’s first multi-wavelength observatory supporting X-ray, UV, and optical astronomy.

Human Spaceflight Programme – Gaganyaan

Aims to send Indian astronauts (Vyomnauts) to Low Earth Orbit. Involves human-rating of the LVM3, development of life support systems, emergency escape systems, crew modules, and astronaut training facilities in Bengaluru and abroad.

Strategic and Security Dimensions

    • Dual-use satellites enhance surveillance and reconnaissance.
    • Establishment of Defence Space Agency (DSA) for coordinated military space operations.
    • Mission Shakti (2019) demonstrated anti-satellite capability.
    • NavIC strengthens strategic autonomy, especially in defense navigation.

Space Sector Reforms and Private Participation

  • IN-SPACe: Acts as a regulatory and facilitation body for private space activities.
  • NewSpace India Limited (NSIL): Commercial arm of ISRO enabling technology transfer and commercial satellite launches.
  • Growth of Start-up Ecosystem: Startups like Skyroot Aerospace, Agnikul Cosmos, Bellatrix Aerospace, and Pixxel contribute to propulsion, small-launchers, and Earth-imaging.

International Collaborations

India collaborates with NASA, ESA, JAXA, Roscosmos, CNES, and others.
The upcoming NASA–ISRO NISAR mission is set to become the world’s most advanced Earth-observation satellite, focusing on climate and ecosystem dynamics.

Challenges Facing Indian Space Exploration

    • Limited budget relative to global agencies.
    • Dependence on foreign heavy-lift launchers for certain payloads.
    • Increasing space debris and cybersecurity concerns.
    • Need for advanced propulsion technologies.
    • Competitive global commercial launch market.

Future Prospects

    • Mars Landing Mission and Venus Orbiter Mission (Shukrayaan).
    • Expansion of NavIC to a global navigation system.
    • Indian Space Station expected around 2035.
    • Reusable launch vehicles and space tourism prospects.
    • Deep-space exploration using advanced robotics and possible nuclear propulsion.

India’s space exploration landscape demonstrates innovation, resilience, and strategic foresight. With expanding private-sector participation, international cooperation, and ambitious future missions, India is moving steadily toward becoming a global space power with broad developmental and scientific benefits.

Prelims MCQ

Q. With reference to India’s space programme, consider the following pairs:

Mission/System — Objective
1. Aditya-L1 — Study of the Sun from Lagrange point
2. NISAR — Bi-lateral Earth Observation mission with NASA
3. NavIC — Global navigation system with worldwide coverage

Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

A. 1 only

B. 1 and 2 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Mains Question

Q. India’s space programme has transitioned from being development-oriented to becoming a pillar of national security, scientific advancement, and commercial ambition. Discuss the major achievements of India’s space exploration efforts and analyse the key challenges that lie ahead.

New HIV cases highest in Mizoram; fresh infections drop nationally by 48% from 2010-2024: Report

Relevance to UPSC

GS Paper-II: Health, Governance & Social Justice

    • National HIV/AIDS policies and programmes (NACP, NACO).
    • Public health delivery systems and disease surveillance.
    • Vulnerable groups and social determinants of health.
    • Centre–State coordination in managing communicable diseases.

GS Paper-I: Society

    • Stigma, discrimination, and societal attitudes towards HIV-positive individuals.
    • Impact on marginalized communities such as sex workers, injecting drug users, and LGBTQ+ groups.

GS Paper-III: Science & Technology

    • Advances in HIV treatment: ART therapy, viral load suppression, preventive strategies.
    • Role of biotechnology, testing technologies, and harm-reduction programmes.

GS Paper-III: Disaster Management (Health Emergencies)

    • Epidemiological transitions in India.
    • Preparedness for communicable disease outbreaks and the role of health infrastructure.

More About the News

    • A national report on HIV epidemiology revealed that Mizoram recorded the highest rate of new HIV infections, making it the state with the greatest prevalence of the disease in India.
    • At the same time, India witnessed a 48% decline in fresh HIV cases between 2010 and 2024, reflecting the effectiveness of long-term intervention strategies under the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP).
    • Mizoram’s high infection levels are linked to injecting drug use, unsafe needle practices, and higher vulnerability among certain high-risk groups, including sex workers and men who have sex with men (MSM).
    • Other northeastern states such as Manipur and Nagaland also continue to show elevated HIV prevalence, indicating regional socio-behavioural patterns and cross-border vulnerabilities.
    • Nationally, improvements in targeted interventions, widespread ART (Antiretroviral Therapy) coverage, community outreach, and better awareness have played a major role in reducing new infections.
    • The report highlights remaining challenges such as stigma, late diagnosis, gaps in prevention among high-risk populations, and the need for sustained funding and surveillance systems.
    • It calls for strengthening harm-reduction measures—including needle-exchange programmes, opioid substitution therapy, and community-led prevention—to address high-burden regions like the Northeast.

HIV IN INDIA

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains one of India’s major public health challenges, despite significant progress in prevention, treatment, and awareness. India has the second-largest number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) globally (due to population size), though adult prevalence remains low. Government interventions under the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) have led to substantial reductions in new infections and AIDS-related deaths.

Current HIV Burden in India (Case Load)

    • Total People Living with HIV (PLHIV): ~25.6 lakh
    • Adult Prevalence (15–49 years): ~0.20%
    • New HIV Infections (Incidence): Declined by nearly 50% since 2010
    • AIDS-related deaths: Reduced by over 80% since 2010
    • ART Coverage: ~18 lakh beneficiaries on free antiretroviral therapy
    • Mother-to-Child Transmission (MTCT): Sharp decline due to PMTCT programs
    • Transmission Pattern:
      • Heterosexual contact: ~73%
      • Injecting drug use: ~11–12%
      • Homosexual/bisexual contact: ~5%
      • Parent-to-child transmission: ~3–4%

Regional Trends and Vulnerabilities

High-Burden States/Regions

Historically:

    • Andhra Pradesh, Telangana

    • Karnataka

    • Maharashtra

    • Tamil Nadu

    • Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland (Northeast)

New Areas of Concern

    • Rising cases among Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) in the Northeast.

    • Urban hotspots due to migration, unprotected sex, and stigma-related underreporting.

    • Vulnerable populations: sex workers, MSM (men who have sex with men), transgender persons, truckers, prisoners, migrants.

Causes of Persisting HIV Burden in India

a) Social and Behavioural Factors
    • Unprotected sex; multiple partners.
    • Social stigma preventing testing and early treatment.
    • Gender inequality and limited bargaining power for safe sex practices.
b) Structural and Economic Factors
    • Migration and mobility.
    • Poverty, trafficking, and substance abuse.
    • Limited awareness in rural and semi-urban areas.
c) Public Health Challenges
    • Inconsistent treatment adherence due to stigma or access issues.
    • Late diagnosis leading to advanced infections.
    • High burden in hidden/marginalized populations.

Government Response and Interventions

a) National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) Phases I–V
    • Expanded testing and counselling facilities.
    • Free antiretroviral therapy (ART) rollout nationwide.
    • Behaviour change communication campaigns.
    • Targeted interventions for high-risk groups.
    • Surveillance systems: Sentinel and community-based testing.
b) Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Programme
    • Free ART in government centers.
    • Viral load testing to monitor treatment response.
    • Lifelong therapy policy.
c) Prevention of Parent-to-Child Transmission (PPTCT)
    • Mandatory testing for pregnant women.
    • ART during pregnancy to reduce MTCT rate.
d) Blood Safety Measures
    • Mandatory screening in all blood banks.
    • Strengthened regulation under National Blood Transfusion Council.
e) Legal and Social Protections
    • HIV & AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017
      • Prohibits discrimination in employment, healthcare, housing, education.
      • Legal rights for confidentiality and informed consent.

Achievements & Progress

    • New HIV infections down by ~50% since 2010.
    • AIDS deaths down by >80% due to ART scale-up.
    • High testing coverage among pregnant women and high-risk groups.
    • Improved blood safety and reduced transfusion-related infections.
    • Community involvement through NGOs and self-help networks.
    • Cost-effective treatment strategy appreciated globally.

Challenges Still Persisting

a) Social Stigma and Discrimination
    • Prevents individuals from seeking testing or treatment.
    • Affects mental health and employment opportunities.
b) Treatment Adherence
    • Long-term adherence is demanding; risk of drug resistance.
c) High-Risk Group Coverage
    • Difficult to reach marginalized communities (IDUs, sex workers, MSM).
    • Social taboos hinder outreach.
d) Funding and Resource Pressure
    • Declining donor funding.
    • Need for stable domestic financing.
e) Comorbidities
    • Co-infection with TB, hepatitis, and sexually transmitted infections.

Way Forward

a) Strengthening Surveillance and Early Detection
    • Expand community-based testing.
    • Use digital health tools for tracking and follow-up.
b) Improving ART Coverage and Adherence
    • More decentralized ART centers.
    • Nutritional and psychosocial support.
c) Focus on High-Risk and Vulnerable Populations
    • Needle-exchange programs for IDUs.
    • Condom promotion and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) introduction.
d) Combating Stigma and Discrimination
    • Sensitization campaigns.
    • Strong enforcement of the 2017 HIV Act.
e) Integrating HIV Care with Primary Healthcare
    • Strengthen the health system under Ayushman Bharat.
    • Better TB/HIV collaborative care.
f) Research and Innovation
    • Vaccine development efforts.
    • Development of long-acting ART regimens.

India has made remarkable progress in reducing HIV incidence and AIDS-related mortality through strong public health interventions, free ART accessibility, improved surveillance, and community participation. However, the continued burden of over 25 lakh PLHIV, coupled with persistent stigma and high-risk behaviors, requires sustained and targeted efforts. A multi-dimensional approach focusing on prevention, early diagnosis, treatment adherence, social inclusion, and systemic strengthening is essential for meeting India’s goal of ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030.

Prelims MCQ

Q. Consider the following statements regarding HIV in India:

1. India has the highest number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in the world.
2. The major route of HIV transmission in India is heterosexual contact.
3. The HIV & AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017 prohibits discrimination against PLHIV.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Mains Question

Q. Despite significant reductions in new infections and AIDS-related deaths, HIV continues to pose a major public health challenge in India. Discuss the major reasons for its persistence and suggest strategies to achieve the goal of ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030.

Indian Army successfully conducts combat launch of BrahMos supersonic cruise missile

Relevance to UPSC

GS Paper-III: Security, Defence Technology & Internal Security

    • Indigenous defence production and technological advancements under Atmanirbhar Bharat.
    • Significance of supersonic cruise missiles for India’s deterrence and precision-strike capabilities.
    • Role of advanced missile systems in strengthening India’s conventional military posture.

GS Paper-III: Science & Technology

    • Understanding missile technologies: supersonic cruise missiles, guidance systems, range, evasive capabilities.
    • Role of DRDO in indigenous R&D and joint development (Indo-Russia collaboration for BrahMos).

GS Paper-II: International Relations

    • Defence cooperation related to BrahMos exports (e.g., the Philippines) and its impact on India’s strategic partnerships.
    • Implications for regional security, especially in the Indo-Pacific and vis-à-vis China and Pakistan.

More about the News

    • The Indian Army conducted a successful combat-firing of a BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, validating its precision, reliability, and readiness under operational conditions.
    • The test-firing demonstrates the Army’s enhanced strike capability, particularly for engaging long-range strategic targets with high accuracy.
    • BrahMos, developed jointly by India’s DRDO and Russia’s NPOM, is one of the fastest operational cruise missiles in the world, with speeds around Mach 2.8–3.
    • The missile features advanced guidance, high destructive power, and the ability to perform evasive manoeuvres, making it a major asset for modern battlefield deterrence.
    • The latest test reflects India’s push toward self-reliance in missile and aerospace systems, with upgraded variants extending their range beyond 450 km, and future versions expected to breach Mach 7 under the BrahMos-II program.
    • The successful test strengthens India’s preparedness along sensitive borders and enhances jointness across military branches as the missile is already deployed by the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
    • The event gains additional importance amid rising tensions in the Indo-Pacific, highlighting India’s evolving conventional deterrence strategy and growing defence export ambitions.

BRAHMOS MISSILES

Note: The above topic has been covered under the Current Affairs of 06/11/2025. Click here and refer to it

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