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September 06th Current Affairs

Home / UPSC / Current affairs / UPSC Current Affairs – September 06th

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Operation Sindoor - Primus IAS
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Google hit with $3.45 billion EU antitrust fine over adtech practices

Google hit with 3.45 billion EU antitrust fine over adtech practices

Relevance to UPSC

  1. Regulatory Governance & Competition Law (GS 2)
    • Offers a real-world example of how robust competition policy is enforced internationally—particularly relevant for Indian administrative frameworks under the Competition Act, 2002 and the evolving role of the Competition Commission of India (CCI).
  1. Digital Economy & E-Governance (GS 2 & 3)
    • Illustrates challenges in regulating platform dominance, self-preferencing, and conflicts of interest—critical for topics under Digital India, data privacy laws, and drafting frameworks like India’s Digital Competition Bill.
  1. Ethics in Public Administration (GS IV)
    • Reflects themes of fairness, transparency, and public accountability in governance—showcasing the global imperative of not letting corporate dominance hinder public interest.

More About the News

  • On September 5, 2025, the European Commission fined Google (Alphabet) €2.95 billion (~US $3.45 billion) for abusing its dominant ad-tech position by favoring its own services like AdX and DFP, disadvantaging publishers and competitors
  • It’s Google’s fourth major antitrust penalty from the EU in under a decade, following earlier fines in 2017, 2018, and 2019
  • The Commission has given Google 60 days to propose compliance remedies—potentially including structural changes or divestitures—and warned of harsh consequences if ignored
  • Former U.S. President Donald Trump condemned the ruling as “discriminatory,” and threatened a Section 301 trade investigation, signaling rising trade tensions

Competition Commission of India (CCI)

The Competition Commission of India (CCI) is India’s statutory antitrust regulator, created to prevent anti-competitive practices, promote competition and protect consumer welfare in markets. It was established under the Competition Act, 2002 and became operational in phases from 2003 (fully functional later). In an era of platform power and cross-border digital markets (eg. EU & US actions against Google), CCI’s role in policing self-preferencing, cartels and mergers is increasingly important for India’s digital sovereignty and consumer protection.

Evolution

  • Pre-2003 — India’s competition policy was governed by the Monopolies & Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act; growing complexity of markets indicated need for a modern law.
  • 2002–2003 — Competition Act, 2002 enacted (came into force in stages); CCI established by the Central Government on 14 Oct 2003 under Section 7.
  • 2009 onward — CCI grew in capacity and began high-profile enforcement (cartel busts, merger reviews) as more sections came into force.
  • 2019–2020 — CCI conducted major Market Study on E-commerce and started focused scrutiny of digital platforms.
  • 2023 (Amendment) — Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023 introduced procedural and substantive reforms (deal-value threshold for combinations, settlement/commitment mechanisms, expanded regulatory tools).

Statutory Provisions

The Competition Act, 2002 provides the framework:

  • Sec 3 – Anti-competitive agreements (cartels).
  • Sec 4 – Abuse of dominant position.
  • Sec 5–6 – Regulation of mergers/combinations.
  • Sec 7–12 – Establishment & composition of CCI.
  • Sec 18 – Duties & functions.
  • Sec 27 – Powers to issue orders/penalties.

The 2023 Amendment introduced new tools: deal-value thresholds, and settlement/commitment mechanisms for quicker, flexible enforcement.

Advantages of having CCI

  1. Protects market competition and consumer welfare
    • Example: CCI’s decisive action against the cement cartel (2012) broke price-fixing that harmed consumers and buyers, imposing large penalties and cease-and-desist orders.
  2. Deters cartelisation and unfair price coordination
    • Example: The Less­er-Penalty/Leniency Regulations (2009) incentivise whistleblowers — seen recently when leniency tip-offs triggered CCI raids in the advertising industry (2025), exposing collusive discounting/price guidance.
  3. Regulates dominant firms to prevent self-preferencing
    • Example: CCI’s probe/orders in cases involving Google (Android/Play Store/Smart TV OS) show the CCI can target platform rules that lock out rivals — relevant to global debates on gatekeeper behaviour (self-preferencing).
  4. Transparent merger control—prevents harmful combinations
    • Example: The Act’s combinations regime (and new 2023 deal-value threshold) ensures large mergers are reviewed so a single firm does not acquire market power that would harm competition (regulatory vetting of big acquisitions). 
  5. Competition advocacy and capacity building
    • Example: CCI’s Market Study on E-commerce (2020) produced policy recommendations used by other regulators and policymakers to design digital economy rules—helpful for government policy design (Data/Platform rules).

Challenges Faced by CCI

  1. Resource & capacity constraints for fast, technical digital markets
    • Example: Complex ad-tech and platform cases (like global Google adtech suits) require deep data-forensics and technical economic expertise; CCI is still building such specialist capacity. (Relevance illustrated by cross-border digital cases).
  2. Jurisdictional overlap with sectoral regulators & legal friction
    • Example: Overlap can arise with regulators like SEBI, TRAI or RBI on platform-financial or media matters — creating coordination challenges in merger/market-conduct reviews. (Literature notes regulatory interface issues.)
  3. Delay & lengthy appeals process reduces deterrence
    • Example: Large cartel investigations (cement, others) went through long litigation and appeals (COMPAT/NCLAT), slowing remedy and allowing business uncertainty.
  4. Penalty calculation & enforcement difficulties
    • Example: CCI’s methodology for quantum of penalty has faced judicial scrutiny in several appeals (questions on turnover vs profit-based approaches). This creates unpredictability in sanctions.
  5. Cross-border enforcement & data access limits
    • Example: Digital platform cases often involve non-resident firms and extraterritorial data; CCI must rely on MOUs or co-operation agreements to access evidence abroad (making swift action harder).

Best initiatives of CCI

  • Leniency / Lesser Penalty Regulations (2009) — incentivises cartel whistleblowers and has triggered major enforcement actions. 
  • Market Study on E-commerce (2020) — comprehensive review guiding policy on platforms, deep-discounting, dual role of platforms and impact on sellers/consumers.
  • International MOUs & cooperation — bilateral MoUs with DG COMP (EU), Competition Bureau Canada, ACCC, BRICS peers to tackle cross-border issues.
  • Use of dawn raids/inspections & fast enforcement tools — demonstrated in recent raids (eg. 2025 ad-industry actions) where leniency tip-offs led to immediate evidence gathering.
  • Adoption of settlement/commitment frameworks under 2023 Amendment — to speed resolution and reduce litigation.

Best practices

Global

  • European Union — Digital Markets Act (DMA): regulatory ex-ante rules for “gatekeepers” (obligations to stop self-preferencing, promote interoperability)—shows regulatory clarity for large platforms beyond classical antitrust. Useful model for platform-specific rules.
  • United States — DOJ/FTC coordinated litigative approach: heavy litigation (Sherman Act, monopolisation) and remedies (data sharing, behavioural orders or structural remedies) demonstrate aggressive enforcement against platform monopolies.

Indian

  • CCI Market Study on E-commerce (2020) — evidence-based policy inputs tailored to Indian market structure; shaped debates on platform regulation and informed government consultations.
  • Leniency Program + active dawn raids (recent ad-industry probes, 2025) — shows operational use of leniency to uncover cartels and obtain actionable evidence domestically.

Way Forward

  • Build specialised digital/econ forensic units within CCI for ad-tech, platforms and AI-driven markets (to handle cases like Google ad-tech).
  • Operationalise 2023 Amendment rules quickly (clear combination regulations, settlement mechanisms, deal-value guidelines) to speed merger & remedy processes.
  • Strengthen cross-regulator coordination (MOUs & joint protocols) with SEBI, TRAI, RBI and foreign agencies for cohesive oversight of platform-heavy markets.
  • Transparent penalty guidelines & improved adjudication timelines to reduce litigation and increase predictability of enforcement. 
  • Active competition advocacy & SME support — educate MSMEs and start-ups about fair contractual terms and remedies (to reduce platform lock-in).

As digital platforms become central to India’s economy, CCI must evolve from an investigative body into a proactive, technology-savvy regulator — combining rule-making, rapid enforcement and international cooperation. Strengthening technical capacity, faster merger review, and clearer behavioural rules (inspired by DMA-style clarity) will enable India to protect consumers while preserving innovation. CCI’s trajectory will shape India’s role in global platform governance.

Prelims MCQ

Q. With reference to the Competition Commission of India (CCI), consider the following statements: 1. It is a constitutional body established under Article 323B of the Indian Constitution. 2. It is empowered to regulate anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position, and mergers/combinations. 3. The Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023 introduced deal-value thresholds and settlement/commitment mechanisms. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 2 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Mains Question

Q. The rise of platform economy and cross-border digital markets has made traditional competition enforcement challenging. Critically examine whether India’s Competition Commission (CCI) — with recent amendments to the Competition Act (2023) — is adequately equipped to deal with platform gatekeeping, self-preferencing and cross-border anticompetitive conduct. Suggest institutional and policy measures the CCI should adopt to remain effective in the digital age.

Pushback: We will buy Russian oil, says FM Nirmala Sitharaman; Jaishankar to attend BRICS

Relevance to UPSC

  • Energy Security & Economic Prioritization (GS 3)
      • Emphasises India’s balancing act between securing affordable energy and navigating geopolitical pressures—critical for Economic Development (GS III) and Strategic Autonomy (GS II).
  • Multi-alignment in Foreign Policy (GS 2)
    • Reflects India’s equilibrium in managing ties with the U.S., Russia, and multilateral blocs like BRICS—key for International Relations (GS II).

More About the News

  • On September 5, 2025, India’s Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman reaffirmed that India will continue purchasing Russian crude oil, citing economic rationale like discounted rates and energy security—even amid 50% U.S. tariffs imposed in response to these purchases.
  • She noted that GST reforms (simplification, rate cuts) would partly cushion the tariff impact and the government is “handholding” affected exporters.
  • Meanwhile, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar defended India’s sovereign energy decisions, asserting resolutely: “If you don’t like it, don’t buy it.”

INDIA- RUSSIA RELATIONS

New Delhi – Moscow relations are a long-standing, pragmatic strategic partnership grounded in Cold War-era ties in defence, nuclear and heavy industry cooperation. Since the 2000 “Strategic Partnership” declaration, ties have broadened into energy, trade, space and people-to-people links even as global geopolitics (Ukraine conflict, US/EU pressure) complicate the relationship. Energy diplomacy (notably growing Russian crude imports) and defence cooperation remain central pillars.

Evolution of the Relations

  • 1947–1991 (Soviet era): Close ties—Soviet support for India’s industrialisation, defence supplies and diplomatic backing.
  • 1991–2000 (Post-Cold War recalibration): Relations adjusted to new multipolar realities; economic links weakened but strategic ties persisted.
  • 2000 (Strategic Partnership) onwards: Declaration (2000) upgraded relationship; regular high-level visits and institutional mechanisms created.
  • 2010s: Deepening defence cooperation (major supplier of defence equipment), civil nuclear agreements, and energy ties. 
  • 2022–2025: Post-Ukraine war dynamics: India’s purchases of discounted Russian crude rise sharply, drawing Western scrutiny and tariff threats; ties acquire greater economic/strategic salience.

Strengths in the relations

  • Defence cooperation (reliable supplier): Russia remains India’s principal supplier of major platforms (Su-series aircraft, T-90 tanks, ship systems). Example: Ongoing purchases, licensed production and technology transfers in defence.
  • Energy collaboration & security: Russia supplies crude oil and has stakes in energy projects—helping India’s energy diversification. Example: Surge in Russian seaborne oil imports since 2023.
  • Historical trust & political convergence: Decades of diplomatic goodwill and regular strategic dialogues. Example: Annual summits, high-level visits and institutionalised mechanisms since 2000.
  • Technology & civil-nuclear cooperation: Joint projects in nuclear energy and space cooperation. Example: Long-term civil nuclear cooperation agreements and collaboration in peaceful space activities.
  • Multilateral coordination (energy, BRICS): Shared platforms like BRICS and SCO provide political/economic coordination. Example: Joint BRICS engagements and trade/economic initiatives.

Weaknesses in the relations

  • Economic asymmetry & limited trade diversification: Trade is concentrated in a few sectors; overall bilateral trade lags potential. Example: Despite strong defence ties, non-energy trade remains modest compared to India’s trade with the US/EU.
  • Western pressure & geopolitical cost: India’s close engagement with Russia has attracted Western pushback (tariffs, diplomatic friction). Example: 2025 U.S. tariffs tied to India’s Russian oil purchases.
  • Over-dependence on Russian defence supplies: Reliance on ageing platforms can slow modernisation and interoperability with Western systems. Example: Need to diversify suppliers even while upgrading legacy Russian equipment.
  • Sanctions-related risks: Transactions with Russia can attract secondary sanctions or commercial risk. Example: Complexities in payments/insurance for Russian oil after Western sanctions/post-2022 measures.
  • Diplomatic balancing acts: Managing relations with Russia while deepening ties with the U.S. and EU is delicate. Example: New tensions in India-US trade/strategic dialogues over India’s Russian purchases.

Challenges in the relations

  • Geopolitical backlash (trade penalties): Example: U.S. tariffs in 2025 in response to India’s Russian oil purchases.
  • Payment & logistics constraints under sanctions regimes: Example: Need for alternative payment mechanisms and shipping arrangements after Western restrictions.
  • Modernisation vs interoperability dilemma in defence acquisitions: Example: Upgrading Russia-origin platforms while integrating Western systems in the Indian military.
  • Limited trade diversification and low private investment flows: Example: Beyond state-led deals, private sector bilateral investment remains limited.
  • Global diplomatic optics & alliance pressures: Example: India’s balancing act at BRICS/Shanghai meetings while facing Western criticism.

How the challenges are being countered

  • Diplomatic engagement & messaging: India reiterates sovereign energy choices and explains national interest rationale in bilateral and multilateral fora. Example: FM / EAM public statements defending imports.
  • Alternative payment and insurance mechanisms: Use of rupee-rouble/third-country arrangements and state facilitation to keep trade flowing. Example: Special banking/payment channels and state support for logistics.
  • Diversification strategy in defence procurement: Gradual diversification to multiple vendors while maintaining key Russian supplies during transition. Example: Parallel deals with Western firms and indigenous procurement drives.
  • Economic diplomacy and engagement with partners: Negotiations with the U.S./EU to explain India’s stance and seek mitigation (trade dialogues). Example: Bilateral trade talks and reassurances to key partners.
  • Strengthening BRICS / South-South cooperation: Using alternative multilateral platforms to expand trade and finance options. Example: BRICS outreach on energy and development financing.

Initiatives taken together

  • Defence R&D and manufacturing cooperation (licence production & joint projects). 
  • Energy deals (long-term crude/equity in oil & gas projects)
  • BRICS/SCO collaboration on trade, technology and development finance. 
  • Civil nuclear cooperation and space/technology exchanges.

Way Forward

  • Strategic diversification: Maintain core defence/energy ties but diversify suppliers and trade baskets.
  • Strengthen economic diplomacy: Proactively manage external pressures via dialogue and trade negotiations. 
  • Institutionalise payment/insurance safeguards: Build resilient alternative trade mechanisms to mitigate sanction risks
  • Boost private sector linkages: Encourage Indian and Russian private investment and joint ventures beyond state deals.
  • Use multilateral forums pragmatically: Leverage BRICS/SCO for cooperation while keeping Western partnerships active.

New Delhi – Moscow ties will likely remain a stable strategic pillar for New Delhi driven by defence and energy complementarities, but their future utility will depend on India’s ability to manage geopolitical costs, diversify economic engagement, and institutionalise resilient trade mechanisms. Balancing deepened bilateral cooperation with broader global partnerships will define India’s strategic autonomy in the coming decade.

Prelims MCQ

Q. Consider the following statements about India–Russia relations: 1. The “Declaration on the India-Russia Strategic Partnership” was signed in 2000. 2. Russia is India’s largest supplier of crude oil as of 2025. 3. India’s purchases of Russian crude after 2022 have had no impact on its trade relations with Western partners. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 1 and 2 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2, and 3

Mains Question

Q. “Critically examine the contemporary India–Russia strategic partnership in the post-2022 geopolitical environment. Discuss the opportunities and constraints for India — particularly in defence and energy cooperation — and suggest policy measures India should adopt to balance strategic autonomy with broader international partnerships.”

NITI Aayog recommends multiple strategies to enhance pulses production

NITI Aayog recommends multiple strategies to enhance pulses production

Relevance to UPSC

  1. Agriculture & Food Security (GS III)
    • The push for pulses self-sufficiency directly supports nutritional security, diversifies agriculture, and contributes to SDG goals like Zero Hunger.
  2. Climate-Resilient Farming & Sustainable Agriculture (GS III)
    • Recommendations for climate-smart practices, high-quality seeds, and rice-fallow diversification align with sustainable, low-input cultivation suited to changing climatic patterns.
  3. Public Policy & Implementation (GS II / GS III)
    • The “One Block–One Seed Village” model exemplifies localized, cluster-based policy implementation—useful for administrative efficiency and farmer engagement in mission-mode schemes (e.g., Pulse Mission).

More About the News

  • NITI Aayog’s report outlines a strategic framework to make India self-reliant in pulses by 2030, with potential to double production by 2047—targeting an increase from 26 million tonnes (2022) to over 51 million tonnes by mid-century.
  • It recommends area diversification through pulse cultivation in rice-fallow lands, technology-focused productivity enhancement, and cluster models like “One Block–One Seed Village” in 111 high-potential districts.
  • The plan includes climate adaptation, data-driven monitoring, value addition, reducing post-harvest losses, and promoting healthy consumption through awareness and inclusion in welfare schemes.

PULSES

Pulses are leguminous crops harvested for dry grains, forming the backbone of India’s protein security. India is both the largest producer and consumer of pulses, yet it often depends on imports to bridge demand–supply gaps. Their role in nutrition, soil health, and climate resilience makes them central to food security and sustainable agriculture.

Features of Pulses

  • Rich in plant-based protein (20–25%).
  • Fix atmospheric nitrogen → improve soil fertility.
  • Mostly grown under rainfed, low-input conditions.
  • Include chickpea, pigeon pea, lentil, urad, moong, etc.
  • Integral to Indian diet and food security.

Growing Conditions

  • Climate: Tropical/sub-tropical; moderate rainfall (60–75 cm).
  • Soil: Well-drained loamy or black soils; avoid waterlogging.
  • Temperature: 20–30°C ideal for germination & growth.
  • Season: Both Kharif (e.g., pigeon pea, moong) and Rabi (e.g., chickpea, lentil) seasons.
  • Irrigation: Mostly rainfed, but protective irrigation boosts yields.

Major Areas where pulses are grown in India

  • Madhya Pradesh – Largest producer; leads in chickpea, urad, moong, lentil cultivation.

  • Rajasthan – Major for moong, moth bean, chickpea (esp. arid & semi-arid zones).

  • Maharashtra – Prominent in pigeon pea (tur/arhar), chickpea, urad.

  • Uttar Pradesh – Important for chickpea, lentil, pigeon pea, urad.

  • Karnataka – Strong in pigeon pea, chickpea, moong, urad.

  • Andhra Pradesh & Telangana – Grow red gram (tur), chickpea, black gram.

  • Bihar & Jharkhand – Mainly lentil, chickpea, pigeon pea.

  • West Bengal – Known for lentil and chickpea.

  • Chhattisgarh & Odisha – Pulses cultivated in rice-fallow systems (esp. chickpea, moong).

  • Tamil Nadu – Focus on black gram (urad) and green gram (moong).

  • Haryana & Punjab – Mainly chickpea, moong as intercrops.

Advantages

  • Nutritional Security: Protein-rich diet for vegetarians. E.g., pulses are the cheapest protein source in India’s PDS.
  • Soil Fertility Improvement: Nitrogen-fixing properties. E.g., pigeon pea cultivation enriches soils for subsequent cereal crops.
  • Low Water Requirement: Suitable for rainfed areas. E.g., chickpea thrives in semi-arid zones with limited irrigation.
  • Climate Resilience: Drought-tolerant crops. E.g., pigeon pea survives long dry spells in Deccan Plateau.
  • Income Diversification: Provides income in marginal areas. E.g., moong intercropping in rice-fallow areas improves farm returns.

Disadvantages

  • Low Productivity: India’s yields are below global average. E.g., Chickpea yield in India (~900 kg/ha) vs. Canada (~2000 kg/ha).
  • Price Volatility: Sensitive to production shocks. E.g., Tur dal price spikes during drought years.
  • Pest & Disease Susceptibility: Infestation reduces yield. E.g., pod borer in pigeon pea majorly damages crops.
  • Dependence on Imports: Domestic demand > supply. E.g., India imports yellow peas and lentils from Canada & Myanmar.
  • Storage & Post-harvest Losses: Poor infrastructure. E.g., large storage losses in urad/moong due to improper warehousing.

Challenges in Growing Pulses

  • Rainfed dependency: 85% grown under rainfed conditions. E.g., drought years cause drastic fall in moong/tur output.
  • Low MSP procurement: Weak market assurance. E.g., procurement of tur/lentil lags far behind wheat & rice.
  • Fragmented land holdings: Difficulties in mechanisation. E.g., smallholder farmers in Bihar struggle to adopt new tech.
  • Limited research & seed availability: Low adoption of HYVs. E.g., newer varieties of chickpea/lentil not widely diffused.
  • International market fluctuations: Import dependence creates uncertainty. E.g., reliance on Myanmar and Canada for lentils.

Government Initiatives

  • National Food Security Mission (NFSM-Pulses) (2007).
  • Price Stabilisation Fund (PSF) to curb price spikes.
  • Pulses Import Policy (duty-free imports when needed).
  • PM-AASHA (procurement & price support schemes).
  • ICAR research on HYVs & biofortified pulses.
  • NITI Aayog 2025 Roadmap: Self-sufficiency by 2030; surplus by 2047.

Best Practices

  • Global Examples
    1. Canada: Mechanised chickpea & lentil farming with export orientation.
    2. Australia: Pulses in cereal rotation systems improving yields & exports.
  • Indian Examples:
    1. Rice-fallow pulse cultivation (Odisha & Chhattisgarh): Intercropping improves soil health & farm income.
    2. “One Block–One Seed Village” model (NITI Aayog recommendation): Seed cluster approach for productivity.

Way Forward

  • Expand area under pulses via rice-fallow cultivation.
  • Invest in R&D of HYVs, pest-resistant varieties.
  • Strengthen MSP procurement & buffer stocks.
  • Promote FPOs & value chain integration.
  • Adopt climate-smart practices and mechanisation.
  • Enhance post-harvest infrastructure & storage.
  • Use ICT/data monitoring for better planning.

Pulses are critical not only for nutritional security but also for sustainable, climate-resilient agriculture. Achieving self-sufficiency by 2030 and surplus production by 2047 requires synergy of technology, policy support, and farmer participation. By mainstreaming pulses into food and livelihood strategies, India can ensure a protein-secure and environmentally sustainable future.

Pulse (common name)

Growing conditions (season/soil/temp/rainfall)

Major growing regions (states)

Nutritional value (approx. per 100 g, dry)

Export capabilities / key markets

Chickpea (Gram / Kabuli & Desi)

Rabi crop; sown in cool, semi-dry conditions; well-drained loamy to black soils; optimum temp 20–25°C; moderate rainfall (40–60 cm)

Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka

Protein: 19–22 g; Fiber: 10–12 g; Iron: ~4–6 mg; good micronutrients

Strong exportable crop when surplus; major markets in North Africa, Middle East & South Asia; high export orientation (especially Desi/Kabuli varieties)

Pigeon pea (Tur / Arhar)

Kharif (and rainfed) crop; tolerates heat/dry soils; temp 20–30°C; moderate rainfall; thrives in well-drained soils

Maharashtra (Gulbarga region), Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh

Protein: 20–22 g; Fiber: 8–10 g; Iron: ~3–5 mg

Exportable in surplus years; demand in African & South Asian markets; exports are variable and often lower than chickpea

Moong (Green gram)

Kharif/Rabi; prefers light, well-drained soils; temp 25–30°C; moderate rainfall; also grown in rice-fallow areas

Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh

Protein: 23–25 g; Fiber: 8–10 g; Iron: ~4 mg; easily digestible

Good export potential (split & whole moong); markets include Middle East, South Asia, and diaspora markets (NE/North America in processed form)

Urad (Black gram)

Kharif/Rabi; warm climate; well-drained soils; moderate rainfall; sensitive to waterlogging

Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh

Protein: 24–26 g; Fiber: 7–9 g; Calcium & Iron: moderate

Exportable (whole & split) to South Asia & Middle East; also to specialty markets (processed products) when quality standards met

Lentil (Masur)

Rabi crop; cool sowing, warm maturing; well-drained loamy soils; temp 10–25°C (seasonal)

Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal

Protein: 24–26 g; Fiber: 8–10 g; Iron: ~6 mg; folate rich

Exportable but India often imports lentils to meet domestic shortfalls; export markets include South Asia, Middle East & select global buyers when surplus available

National Institution for Transforming India Aayog (NITI Aayog)

Evolution

  • Established on 1st January 2015, replacing the Planning Commission (1950–2014).
  • Aimed to shift from top-down centralized planning → to a bottom-up, cooperative federalism model.
  • Functions as the Government of India’s premier policy think tank.

Statutory Provisions

  • Not a constitutional or statutory body → it is an executive body created by a Government resolution.
  • Functions under the Ministry of Planning (but not a department).
  • Guided by principles of cooperative and competitive federalism.

Role & Functions of NITI Aayog

  • Policy Advisory: Offers strategic and technical guidance to Centre & States.

  • Planning Framework: Drafts long, medium, and short-term development plans.

  • Cooperative Federalism: Serves as a platform for Centre–State coordination.

  • Competitive Federalism: Promotes state-wise performance through indices.

  • Monitoring: Reviews and evaluates government schemes and reforms.

  • Innovation Hub: Runs AIM, supports startups, incubation, and R&D.

  • Sustainability: Integrates SDGs and climate goals into policies.

  • PPP Promotion: Creates models for private sector participation.

  • Capacity Building: Shares expertise and global best practices with governments

Members

  • Chairperson: Prime Minister of India.
  • Governing Council: Chief Ministers of all States + Lt. Governors of Union Territories.
  • Vice-Chairperson: Appointed by PM.
  • Full-time Members: Subject experts (currently 3–4).
  • Ex-officio Members: Union Ministers (nominated by PM).
  • Special Invitees: Experts and specialists invited as per need.

Key Initiatives

  • Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP): Focused development in 112 backward districts.
  • Atal Innovation Mission (AIM): Incubation, tinkering labs for innovation & startups.
  • SDG India Index: Tracks state-wise performance on Sustainable Development Goals.
  • National Health Stack & Ayushman Bharat support framework.
  • Digital India & AI Strategy (AI for All).
  • Strategy for New India @75 – roadmap for 2022 development goals.
  • Public-Private Partnership (PPP) models in infrastructure & health.

Prelims MCQ

Q. With reference to pulses in India, consider the following statements:
1. Most pulses in India are cultivated under irrigated conditions.
2. Pulses improve soil fertility through nitrogen fixation.
3. India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Mains Question

Q. “Discuss the significance of pulses in India’s food and nutritional security. What are the major challenges in achieving self-sufficiency in pulses, and evaluate the effectiveness of government initiatives in addressing them.”

T.N. cyber crime police warn of two new frauds

T.N. cyber crime police warn of two new frauds

Relevance to UPSC

  1. Governance & Digital Security (GS II/III)
    • Highlights the growing need for public awareness and resilient governance frameworks in combating evolving cyber threats.
  2. Public Policy & Consumer Protection (GS II/III)
    • Emphasizes the importance of regulation, oversight, and consumer guidance in the digital space—especially against fraudulent impersonation of official channels.
  3. Science & Technology (GS III)
    • Demonstrates how technology (malicious apps, WhatsApp distribution) is weaponized, necessitating cybersecurity literacy and countermeasures.
  4. Ethics and Accountability (GS IV)
    • Raises ethical questions around trust, false authority, and the responsibility of both law enforcement and citizens in digital interactions.

More about the News

  • The Cyber Crime Wing of Tamil Nadu Police issued a public alert about two rising digital frauds:
    1. Parivahan e-challan scam—victims receive WhatsApp messages claiming traffic violations, prompting them to download a fake “mParivahan” APK that steals sensitive data and bypasses OTPs.
    2. Cyber helpdesk scam—targets previous cybercrime victims by posing as helpline or legal aid agents to extort money, masquerading via WhatsApp, phone, email, or Telegram.
  • Authorities emphasised that traffic fines are never communicated via WhatsApp—citizens should use only official government portals or verified apps.
  • They reiterated that filing cybercrime complaints is free, urging the public to use the 1930 helpline or the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (cybercrime.gov.in) and avoid unofficial recovery services.

Cyber Security

In today’s digital era, cyber security has emerged as a critical pillar of national security, economic resilience, and citizen safety. With increasing digital penetration, India faces both unprecedented opportunities and severe risks from cyber threats ranging from phishing scams to state-sponsored attacks.

Evolution of Cyber Security

  • 1990s: Initial focus on IT Act, 2000 – legal framework for e-commerce & cybercrimes.
  • 2000s: Growth of CERT-In (2004) as a nodal agency for cyber incident response.
  • 2010s: Surge in digital payments, Aadhaar, e-governance → rising cyberattacks.
  • 2020s: New threats (AI-powered frauds, ransomware, deepfakes) → push for National Cyber Security Strategy.
  • Present: Integration with data protection, critical infrastructure protection, and global cyber cooperation.

Features of Cyber Security

  • Confidentiality: Protecting sensitive data (e.g., Aadhaar, banking).
  • Integrity: Ensuring data accuracy, preventing tampering (e.g., stock market transactions).
  • Availability: Secure, uninterrupted access to systems (e.g., UPI resilience).
  • Resilience: Capacity to withstand and recover from attacks.
  • Accountability: Tracking and punishing cyber criminals.

Types of Cyber Security Threats

  • Phishing Attacks: Fake emails/links to steal data → Example: Fake e-challan scam in TN (2025).
  • Malware & Ransomware: Malicious software locks/encrypts data → Example: WannaCry ransomware attack (2017).
  • Denial of Service (DoS/DDoS): Flooding servers to crash services → Example: DDoS attack on Estonia’s government websites (2007).
  • Man-in-the-Middle (MITM): Hacker intercepts communication → Example: Wi-Fi eavesdropping in public networks.
  • SQL Injection: Inserting malicious code in databases → Example: Data breach in websites with poor security firewalls.
  • Zero-Day Exploits: Exploiting unknown software vulnerabilities → Example: Stuxnet worm against Iran’s nuclear program (2010).
  • Social Engineering: Manipulating humans for info access → Example: Fake RBI officer scam calls in India.
  • Insider Threats: Data theft by employees → Example: Edward Snowden NSA leaks (2013).
  • Advanced Persistent Threats (APT): State-sponsored, long-term spying → Example: Suspected Chinese cyberattack on Indian power grid (2020).
  • Identity Theft: Stealing personal data for fraud → Example: Aadhaar-linked fraud cases.

Impacts

  • Economic: Losses due to banking frauds (e.g., Cosmos Bank cyber heist, 2018).
  • National Security: State-sponsored cyber espionage (e.g., suspected Chinese cyberattack on India’s power grid, 2020).
  • Social: Spread of misinformation via social media (e.g., WhatsApp lynching incidents).
  • Technological: Push for indigenous solutions (e.g., UPI security framework).
  • Diplomatic: Cyber norms in BRICS, QUAD, UN discussions.

Challenges

  • Rapidly Evolving Threats: AI-based scams like deepfake frauds.
  • Lack of Skilled Workforce: India short of 1M+ cybersecurity professionals.
  • Weak Legal Framework: IT Act, 2000 outdated for new threats like crypto fraud.
  • Low Public Awareness: Rise in phishing scams (e.g., fake e-challan messages in TN, 2025).

Government Initiatives

  • CERT-In: Real-time cyber incident response.
  • National Cyber Security Policy, 2013 (draft 2020 pending).
  • Indian Computer Emergency Response Teams in sectors like power, finance.
  • National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC).
  • Digital India initiatives with cyber hygiene training.

Best Practices

Global Examples

  1. Israel’s Cyber Dome: Multi-layered cyber defense similar to Iron Dome.
  2. Estonia’s e-Residency & Cyber Defence League: Cyber-savvy citizen army post-2007 attacks.

Indian Examples

  1. UPI’s layered security architecture ensuring low fraud despite mass adoption.

Kerala Police Cyberdome: Public–private partnership for real-time cyber intelligence.

Way Forward

  • Update IT Act into a Comprehensive Cyber Security Law.
  • Promote AI-driven threat detection and indigenous security tech.
  • Strengthen cyber workforce capacity through training & skilling.
  • Expand public awareness campaigns for digital hygiene.
  • Enhance global cyber diplomacy for norms and cross-border cooperation.

Cyber security is no longer a technical issue but a governance, security, and developmental challenge. As India advances towards becoming a trillion-dollar digital economy, building a secure, resilient, and inclusive cyberspace will be central to safeguarding national sovereignty and citizen trust.

Prelims MCQ

Q. Which of the following statements about Cyber Security in India are correct?
1. CERT-In functions under the Ministry of Electronics & IT.
2. The IT Act, 2000 is the only comprehensive legislation on cybercrime in India.
3. NCIIPC is responsible for protecting critical information infrastructure.

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Mains Question

Q. Cyber security is increasingly linked with both national security and economic resilience. Discuss the key challenges India faces in ensuring cyber resilience and suggest measures to strengthen its cyber ecosystem.

Private tuitions are picking up in India’s rural areas too, especially among girls

Private tuitions are picking up in India’s rural areas too especially among girls

Relevance to UPSC

  • Education & Equity (GS I/II/III):  The rise of tuition in rural areas, particularly among girls, highlights efforts toward gender parity in education, but also signals growing educational disparities and affordability concerns.
  • Social Issues & Inclusion (GS I): Increased tuition uptake by rural girls reflects shifting social norms and aspirations, offering insight into gender empowerment and evolving rural gender dynamics.
  • Public Policy Implications (GS II/III): Indicates gaps in public education quality and capacity, prompting reevaluation of foundational policies like Padhe Bharat, Badhe Bharat, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, and RTE enforcement.

More about the News

  • Rural Uptick in Tuition: Recent data shows a rising trend in private tuitions even in rural India, with a sharper increase among girls compared to boys.
  • Shadow Schooling Surges Nationwide: A government Comprehensive Modular Survey (CMS) reveals that nearly one in three schoolchildren across India now take private coaching, with higher prevalence in urban areas.
  • Widening Rural-Urban Divide: Urban areas see greater reliance on coaching to supplement schooling, while rural families are increasingly opting for private tuitions despite limited resources—a worrying sign of educational inequality

Rural Education in India

Rural education is a cornerstone for inclusive development in India, bridging the urban–rural divide and enabling equitable access to opportunities. While literacy and enrollment have improved over the decades, challenges like quality of education, infrastructure gaps, and social inequities continue to affect rural learning outcomes. Strengthening rural education is critical for human capital development and national progress.

Evolution of Rural Education in India

  • Pre-Independence: Traditional pathshalas and village schools; limited access, primarily upper-caste children.
  • Post-Independence (1950s–70s): Introduction of universal primary education policies; focus on literacy.
  • 1970s–90s: Operation Blackboard, Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), and mid-day meal schemes.
  • 2000s: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) to achieve universal elementary education; RTE Act, 2009 ensures free and compulsory schooling for 6–14 years.
  • 2010s–present: Digital initiatives under Digital India, e-learning, and private tutoring surge in rural areas; focus on quality, gender parity, and inclusive access.

Impacts of Rural Education

  • Increased Literacy: Rural literacy improved from 28% (1951) to 71% (Census 2011).
  • Gender Inclusion: Girls’ enrollment rising due to schemes like Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao.
  • Social Mobility: Access to education enables rural youth to secure government jobs and entrepreneurship opportunities.
  • Health Awareness: Schooling increases awareness of hygiene and nutrition (ICDS & mid-day meal impact).
  • Economic Development: Educated rural workforce supports agricultural innovations and rural industries.

Advantages of Having Rural Education in India

  • Empowerment of Women: Girls attending school can delay marriage and participate in local governance (Gram Panchayats).
  • Reduction of Poverty Cycle: Education allows rural youth to access better-paying jobs (example: BPL students using vocational training programs).
  • Improved Civic Participation: Educated citizens participate in democratic processes like Gram Sabha.
  • Enhanced Social Equality: Inclusion of marginalized groups through scholarships and hostels.
  • Technological Awareness: Digital literacy programs enable access to e-governance and online services.

Challenges Faced by Rural Education in India

  • Infrastructure Gaps: Schools lacking toilets, electricity, and libraries (common in Bihar, UP).
  • Teacher Shortages: Rural schools often have untrained or absent teachers.
  • Dropout Rates: Higher among girls due to safety concerns and household responsibilities.
  • Quality of Education: Poor learning outcomes; many students cannot read grade-level texts.
  • Socio-Economic Barriers: Poverty forces children into child labor, limiting schooling opportunities.

Government Initiatives

  • Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) – Universal elementary education.
  • RTE Act, 2009 – Free & compulsory education for 6–14 years.
  • Mid-Day Meal Scheme – Improves enrollment, nutrition, and retention.
  • Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao – Promotes girls’ education.
  • Digital India / e-Vidya – Online learning & virtual classrooms in rural areas.
  • National Means-cum-Merit Scholarship (NMMSS) – Prevents dropout of meritorious students.

Best Practices

Global Examples

  1. Finland: Highly trained teachers, inclusive and interactive learning.
  2. Kenya: Mobile-based learning for rural students to access education remotely.

Indian Examples

  1. Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV): Residential schools for disadvantaged girls.
  2. Pratham’s Read India Program: Focus on improving foundational literacy and numeracy in rural schools.

Way Forward

  • Invest in teacher training, infrastructure, and digital connectivity.
  • Promote public–private partnerships for quality education.
  • Expand vocational and skill-based programs in rural areas.
  • Strengthen monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to improve learning outcomes.
  • Encourage community participation and gender-sensitive policies.

Rural education in India has made significant strides but continues to face structural, socio-economic, and quality-related challenges. A focused approach combining infrastructure, digital solutions, teacher capacity, and community engagement is essential to make rural education inclusive, equitable, and transformative for the next generation.

Prelims MCQ

Q. Which of the following statements regarding rural education in India is/are correct?
1. RTE Act, 2009 mandates free and compulsory education for children aged 6–14 years.
2. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan focuses exclusively on urban areas.
3. Mid-Day Meal Scheme helps improve enrollment and nutrition in rural schools.

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Mains Question

Q. Despite multiple initiatives, rural education in India faces persistent challenges in access, quality, and retention. Examine these challenges and suggest measures to make rural education more inclusive and effective.

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