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August 24th Current Affairs

Home / UPSC / Current affairs / UPSC Current Affairs – August 24th

Table of Contents

Congress Highlights ‘Abnormal’ Delay in Lok Sabha Prorogation

Why is this news?

The Congress has questioned the 10-day delay in formally proroguing Parliament after the Monsoon Session was adjourned sine die on 13 August 2026.

Both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha were adjourned sine die on August 13, but formal prorogation had not taken place. Congress leader Jairam Ramesh termed the delay “abnormal” and questioned whether the government was trying to gather the two-thirds majority required for a possible Constitution Amendment Bill relating to delimitation in a Special Session.

First understand: Adjournment vs Prorogation

Feature

Adjournment sine die

Prorogation

Meaning

House is suspended without fixing a date for the next sitting

Formal termination of a parliamentary session

Authority

Presiding Officer — Speaker/Chairman

President of India

Constitutional provision

Not specifically under Article 85

Article 85(2)(a)

House continues to exist?

Yes

Yes

Session continues?

Technically yes

No, session ends

Can another sitting occur?

Yes, if recalled

A new session has to be summoned

The Constitution specifically empowers the President to prorogue either or both Houses of Parliament under Article 85(2)(a).

The usual parliamentary practice is that prorogation follows adjournment sine die. Rajya Sabha’s official procedural material notes that the time gap can vary, and that both Houses need not necessarily be prorogued simultaneously.

Why is the delay significant?

The Congress has linked the delay to a possible attempt to introduce a delimitation-related Constitutional Amendment Bill in a Special Session.

Why does delimitation matter?

Delimitation means redrawing the boundaries and determining the number of seats of territorial constituencies for elections.

It is politically sensitive because changes in Lok Sabha seat allocation can affect the political representation of different States, particularly in the context of population-based representation.

A Constitution Amendment Bill generally requires:

  • Majority of the total membership of the House, AND
  • At least two-thirds of members present and voting.

Therefore, a Constitution Amendment Bill cannot be passed by a simple majority alone.

Congress alleges that the government may be trying to secure the numbers necessary for such legislation. This is an allegation by the opposition, not an established fact.

Constitutional Provisions to Remember

Article 85 – Sessions of Parliament

Article 85(1):

  • President summons Parliament.
  • Not more than six months can intervene between the last sitting of one session and the first sitting of the next session.

Article 85(2):
The President may:

  • Prorogue either House or both Houses.
  • Dissolve the Lok Sabha.

Important distinction

Prorogation ≠ Dissolution

  • Prorogation: Ends a session of Parliament.
  • Dissolution: Ends the Lok Sabha itself.
  • Rajya Sabha is a permanent House and is never dissolved.

What happens to Bills after Prorogation?

Prorogation does NOT mean that all pending Bills lapse.

Prorogation ends the session, but pending legislative business can generally continue in the subsequent session, subject to the constitutional and procedural rules applicable to that particular Bill.

This is different from dissolution of Lok Sabha, where certain pending business may lapse.

Digging for Gold: India’s Gold Exploration and Mining Potential

Why in News?

The article “Digging for Gold” focuses on the growing importance of gold exploration in India, particularly the need to identify and develop domestic gold resources.

For UPSC, the article should be connected with India’s mineral resources, critical minerals, mining reforms, import dependence and sustainable mining.

Why is gold important for India?

India is one of the world’s largest consumers of gold, but a substantial portion of its requirement is met through imports.

Gold is important because it is:

  • A major component of household wealth.
  • Used in jewellery and investment.
  • An important input in electronics and certain high-technology applications.
  • A major item in India’s import bill.

Therefore, increasing domestic exploration and production can potentially reduce import dependence.

Gold resources vs Gold reserves

This distinction is important for Prelims.

Resources

The estimated quantity of gold that is known or reasonably expected to exist in a geological area.

Reserves

The economically recoverable portion of identified resources under prevailing technological and economic conditions.

Therefore:

All reserves are resources, but all resources are not necessarily economically recoverable reserves.

Where is gold found in India?

Important gold-bearing regions include:

Karnataka

  • Hutti Gold Mines – Raichur district
  • Kolar Gold Fields (KGF) – historically one of India’s most famous gold-mining regions

Other important gold-bearing areas

Gold occurrences have also been identified in parts of:

  • Andhra Pradesh
  • Rajasthan
  • Jharkhand
  • Chhattisgarh
  • Kerala
  • Tamil Nadu

Geological Survey of India (GSI) and exploration

The Geological Survey of India (GSI) plays an important role in mineral exploration.

Its functions include:

  • Geological mapping
  • Mineral exploration
  • Identification of mineral resources
  • Geological surveys
  • Providing geological information for mineral development

The broader objective is to move from merely identifying mineral occurrences to establishing deposits that can potentially be economically exploited.

Why doesn't India simply mine all its gold?

The presence of gold in geological formations does not automatically mean that mining is economically viable.

Major challenges include:

Low-grade deposits

Some deposits contain very small quantities of gold relative to the amount of ore that must be processed.

High exploration costs

Finding economically viable deposits requires sophisticated geological surveys, drilling and exploration technology.

Environmental concerns

Mining can cause:

  • Deforestation
  • Land degradation
  • Water pollution
  • Waste generation
  • Habitat fragmentation

Technological limitations

Modern exploration increasingly requires advanced technologies such as:

  • Remote sensing
  • Geophysical surveys
  • Deep drilling
  • Geochemical analysis

Gold and India's import dependence

India’s strong demand for gold combined with limited domestic production means that imports remain significant.

This has implications for:

Balance of Payments

Large gold imports can increase the import bill.

Current Account

A rise in gold imports can put pressure on the current account balance, particularly when other external conditions are unfavourable.

Currency

Large import demand can increase demand for foreign currency.

Thus, domestic exploration is not merely a mining issue—it also has macroeconomic implications.

Environmental dimension

Gold mining can create significant environmental externalities.

Key concerns

Land → excavation and landscape alteration
Water → contamination from mining waste and chemicals
Forests → habitat loss and fragmentation
Waste → generation of large quantities of mine tailings

Therefore, India’s objective should not simply be “more mining”, but:

Responsible exploration + economically viable mining + environmental sustainability

Mining reforms

The issue can be linked with India’s efforts to improve the mining sector through:

  • Greater private-sector participation in exploration
  • Auction-based allocation of mineral resources
  • Improved mineral exploration
  • Technology-driven prospecting
  • Faster exploration and mine development

The MMDR Act, 1957 is the principal legislation governing mining and development of minerals in India.

MMDR = Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957

Gold vs Critical Minerals

Do not confuse gold with the critical minerals debate.

Critical minerals are minerals considered essential for:

  • Economic development
  • National security
  • Clean-energy technologies
  • High-tech manufacturing

Examples include lithium, cobalt, nickel, rare earth elements and graphite.

Gold is economically important, but the current strategic focus on critical minerals is primarily driven by energy transition, electronics, defence and advanced manufacturing.

“Not Dululu” – An AI Tutor for Every Child in India

Why in News?

The article “Not Dululu – An AI tutor for every child in India” discusses the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a personalised tutor for Indian students.

The central idea is that AI could provide individualised academic support to children, especially where there are shortages of teachers, differences in learning levels and limited access to quality educational resources.

For UPSC, the issue connects AI + education + digital public infrastructure + learning outcomes + digital divide + ethics.

What is an AI Tutor?

An AI tutor is an AI-powered educational system that can interact with students and provide personalised learning support.

It can potentially:

  • Explain concepts in simple language
  • Answer students’ questions
  • Generate practice questions
  • Identify learning gaps
  • Adapt difficulty according to the student’s level
  • Provide instant feedback
  • Help students learn in regional languages
  • Assist teachers in preparing educational material

Key concept: Personalised Learning

Traditional classroom:

One teacher → Many students → Same lesson

AI-supported learning:

One learner → Personalised content → Individual pace → Continuous feedback

Why is AI in education important for India?

India has a large and diverse school-age population with considerable variation in:

  • Learning levels
  • Language
  • Socio-economic background
  • Access to teachers
  • Digital infrastructure

An AI tutor could potentially supplement classroom teaching and provide additional learning support outside school hours.

Particularly useful for:

  • Students in remote areas
  • Students requiring remedial education
  • Children who cannot afford private tutoring
  • Students learning in Indian languages
  • Children requiring additional practice

Important: AI should be viewed as a supplement to teachers, rather than a replacement for teachers.

AI can address learning gaps

One of the major challenges in school education is that students in the same classroom may have very different learning levels.

For example:

A Class VIII student may be able to solve Class VIII mathematics problems, while another student in the same class may still struggle with Class V-level concepts.

An AI tutor could potentially:

Assess → Identify gap → Personalise lesson → Give practice → Evaluate → Adapt

This creates a continuous learning loop.

Indian-language potential

One of the biggest opportunities is multilingual education.

India has:

  • Multiple scheduled languages
  • Hundreds of other languages and dialects
  • Large differences in language of instruction

AI systems capable of understanding and generating Indian languages can potentially make digital learning more accessible.

UPSC connection:

AI + multilingual education → greater inclusion

But language models must be carefully evaluated because AI can produce:

  • Incorrect translations
  • Linguistic bias
  • Poor-quality regional-language content
  • Cultural inaccuracies

AI and the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020

The issue can be linked to the National Education Policy, 2020.

NEP 2020 emphasises:

  • Foundational Literacy and Numeracy
  • Technology-enabled education
  • Multilingualism
  • Equity and inclusion
  • Digital learning
  • Competency-based education

AI-based tutoring can potentially support these objectives by enabling personalised and adaptive learning.

Role of AI in Foundational Literacy and Numeracy

FLN = Foundational Literacy and Numeracy

Foundational learning means children should acquire basic:

  • Reading
  • Writing
  • Comprehension
  • Numeracy

skills during the early years of schooling.

AI could potentially assist through:

Voice interaction → Reading practice → Immediate feedback → Repeated practice → Progress tracking

This is especially relevant for children who need remedial support.

Digital Public Infrastructure + AI

The discussion can be connected with India’s broader Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) approach.

Important initiatives to remember:

DIKSHA

  • Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing
  • National platform for school education
  • Provides learning resources for students and teachers.

PM e-VIDYA

  • Integrates multiple modes of digital/online education.

SWAYAM

  • Online learning platform offering courses.

AI could potentially be integrated with such ecosystems to provide more personalised educational support.

Major Challenges

The idea of an AI tutor is promising, but UPSC answers should not be one-sided.

  1. Digital Divide

Not every child has:

  • Smartphone
  • Computer
  • Reliable electricity
  • Internet connectivity

Therefore:

AI education without digital inclusion could increase educational inequality.

  1. Accuracy and Hallucination

Generative AI can produce confident but incorrect answers.

For education, this is particularly dangerous because children may accept incorrect information as fact.

Therefore, AI tutors require:

  • Reliable datasets
  • Human oversight
  • Fact verification
  • Curriculum alignment
  1. Privacy of Children

AI tutors may collect:

  • Student performance data
  • Learning behaviour
  • Voice recordings
  • Personal information

Children are a particularly vulnerable group.

Therefore, strong safeguards are required for:

  • Data minimisation
  • Consent
  • Data security
  • Responsible data processing
  1. Bias

AI systems trained on incomplete or biased data may reproduce:

  • Gender bias
  • Linguistic bias
  • Regional bias
  • Socio-economic bias

Therefore, AI used in education must be inclusive and locally relevant.

  1. Overdependence on Technology

Excessive dependence on AI could reduce:

  • Human interaction
  • Critical thinking
  • Social learning
  • Teacher-student relationships

Hence:

AI should augment teachers, not replace them.

AI Tutor vs Human Teacher

AI Tutor

Human Teacher

24×7 availability

Limited classroom hours

Highly scalable

Limited student-teacher ratio

Personalised practice

Holistic understanding of student

Instant feedback

Emotional and social support

Can analyse learning patterns

Understands classroom context

Cannot reliably replace human judgement

Provides mentorship and values

Best approach:

Human teacher + AI assistance = Hybrid education model

Ethical Framework for AI in Education

SAFE AI

S – Safety & Security
A – Accessibility & Affordability
F – Fairness & Fact-checking
E – Explainability & Ethical use

AI in education should be:

  • Human-centred
  • Transparent
  • Inclusive
  • Accountable
  • Age-appropriate

The Rural–Urban Divide in Female Labour Force Participation

Why in News?

The article highlights an important feature of India’s labour market: female labour force participation has increased, but the improvement has been much stronger in rural India than in urban India. This rural–urban divergence is important because higher female participation does not necessarily mean that women are getting better-quality or more productive employment.

Recent PLFS data also shows this divergence clearly. In July 2026, female LFPR increased to 34.4%, with rural female LFPR at 38.8% compared with only 25.3% in urban areas. Rural female participation was also higher than a year earlier, while urban female LFPR remained below its July 2025 level.

What is Female Labour Force Participation Rate?

Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR)

It is the percentage of women in the working-age population who are either employed or actively seeking/available for work, according to the relevant PLFS measure.

Three important employment indicators

Indicator

Meaning

LFPR

Percentage of population participating in the labour force

WPR

Percentage of population actually employed

Unemployment Rate

Percentage of labour force that does not have work

Remember:

LFPR = Employed + Unemployed but seeking/available for work

Origin and Development

The most important feature is:

Rural women are participating in the labour market at a much higher rate than urban women.

According to the latest monthly data, rural female LFPR was 38.8%, while urban female LFPR was 25.3% in July 2026.

A broader analysis of Indian labour-force data also shows that female LFPR has consistently been higher in rural areas than urban areas, with the gap remaining substantial.

Why is female participation higher in rural India?

Agriculture absorbs female labour

Agriculture remains a major source of employment for rural women.

Women participate in:

  • Agricultural labour
  • Crop cultivation
  • Livestock activities
  • Allied activities
  • Family farms

The Finance Ministry has previously linked the rise in rural women’s participation to greater presence in agriculture and increasing entrepreneurship/self-employment.

Self-employment

A growing share of rural women participate through:

  • Own-account work
  • Small businesses
  • Livestock
  • Petty trade
  • Household enterprises
  • Self-help-group-based activities

This means that women may be counted as workers even when they are not in formal salaried employment.

Economic necessity

In poorer rural households, women’s contribution to household income may be essential.

Therefore, rural women are often more likely to enter the labour market because of economic necessity and the availability of family-based work.

Informal and family-based work

Many rural women work as:

  • Unpaid helpers in family enterprises
  • Casual labourers
  • Agricultural workers

Such work can increase measured participation but may not necessarily provide stable income, social security or decent working conditions.

Why is urban female labour participation lower?

This is one of the major puzzles in India’s employment story.

Care responsibilities

Women continue to bear a disproportionate share of:

  • Childcare
  • Elder care
  • Household work
  • Domestic responsibilities

This creates a major barrier to formal employment.

Safety and mobility

Concerns about:

  • Workplace safety
  • Sexual harassment
  • Public transport
  • Long commuting distances
  • Working at night

can discourage women from taking up jobs.

Availability of suitable jobs

Urban women, particularly educated women, may prefer:

  • Formal employment
  • Regular salaried jobs
  • Jobs matching their qualifications

But such jobs may not be available in sufficient numbers.

This can result in educated women remaining outside the labour force, even when they are willing to work.

Social norms

Traditional perceptions about women’s roles can influence:

  • Whether women are allowed to work
  • Type of work considered acceptable
  • Location of employment
  • Hours of work

Is a higher rural FLFPR automatically a positive indicator?

A higher participation rate does not automatically mean better economic empowerment.

For example, rural women may participate because of:

Low household income + agricultural necessity + unpaid family work

rather than because of access to high-productivity or well-paid employment.

Therefore, we must examine:

Participation → Employment → Wages → Productivity → Job quality → Social security

This is why quality of employment matters as much as quantity.

The urban female employment paradox

India has experienced substantial expansion in:

  • Education
  • Urbanisation
  • Women’s literacy
  • Higher education

Yet urban female labour participation remains comparatively low.

This creates a paradox:

More educated women do not necessarily translate into proportionately higher female labour-force participation.

Urban women also face a more competitive labour market. In July 2026, urban female unemployment was 8.8%, considerably higher than the overall unemployment rate, even though national unemployment declined.

Rural employment is not necessarily better employment

This is another important Mains dimension.

Rural women may have:

  • Higher participation
  • More agricultural employment
  • More self-employment
  • More informal work
  • Lower earnings
  • Greater vulnerability to seasonal fluctuations

Urban women may have:

  • Lower participation
  • Greater access to non-farm sectors
  • Greater potential for regular salaried employment
  • Higher unemployment among job seekers
  • Greater skill-job mismatch

Hence:

Rural–urban differences in FLFPR reflect not only labour supply but also the structure and quality of employment opportunities.

Connection with SDGs

This topic directly connects with:

SDG 5 – Gender Equality

Promoting women’s economic empowerment.

SDG 8 – Decent Work and Economic Growth

Promoting productive employment and decent work.

SDG 1 – No Poverty

Women’s employment can increase household income and reduce vulnerability.

SDG 10 – Reduced Inequalities

Higher female workforce participation can help reduce gender and income inequalities.

Government initiatives

Mahatma Gandhi NREGA

Provides rural employment opportunities and has an important role in supporting women’s participation in rural labour markets.

Self-Help Groups / DAY-NRLM

Promote:

  • Women’s entrepreneurship
  • Credit access
  • Financial inclusion
  • Livelihood diversification

MUDRA

Supports micro and small enterprises, including women entrepreneurs.

Working Women Hostels and Creches

These can help address mobility and childcare constraints affecting urban working women.

Skill India

Improving employability and access to better jobs.

What should India do?

From participation to quality employment

India needs a strategy that goes beyond simply increasing FLFPR.

  1. Create more non-farm jobs

Especially in manufacturing, services and rural industries.

  1. Improve childcare

Affordable creches and childcare facilities can reduce the unpaid-care burden.

  1. Ensure safe mobility

Better public transport and workplace safety are crucial.

  1. Promote flexible work

Flexible hours, remote work and part-time opportunities can encourage more women to participate.

  1. Support women entrepreneurs

Improve:

  • Credit
  • Markets
  • Digital access
  • Business skills
  1. Reduce unpaid care work

Greater participation of men in household and care responsibilities is essential.

  1. Focus on job quality

Employment should provide:

Adequate wages + social security + safety + dignity + productivity

Core Concerns: The Indian Economy Looks Set for Tough Times Ahead

Why in News?

The article points to signs of moderating economic activity in India, particularly in industry and domestic demand. Growth in the Index of Core Industries (ICI) slowed to 5.4% in July 2026 from 6% in June. At the same time, the Manufacturing PMI weakened to its lowest level since August 2021, indicating softer domestic demand.

The article therefore raises a broader concern: India may face a period of weaker demand, higher input costs and moderating growth, even though some sectors continue to perform strongly.

What is the Index of Core Industries?

The Index of Core Industries (ICI) tracks the performance of 8 major infrastructure sectors:

  1. Coal
  2. Crude Oil
  3. Natural Gas
  4. Refinery Products
  5. Fertilizers
  6. Steel
  7. Cement
  8. Electricity

These sectors are called “core” industries because they have a major influence on overall industrial activity.

The eight core industries account for 40.27% of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).

Therefore:

Core sector performance is an important early indicator of industrial activity.

What happened in July 2026?

The article highlights several contrasting trends.

Overall core-sector growth

  • July: 5.4%
  • June: 6%

Thus, growth moderated.

Sector-wise picture

Sector

July 2026 performance

Coal

7.6% growth

Refinery products

2.7% growth

Iron ore

29.5% growth

Steel

2.9% growth

Electricity

9% growth

Cement

13.1% growth

Crude oil

Contraction

Natural gas

Contraction

The article notes that crude oil and natural gas have remained persistent drags, while cement and electricity were among the stronger performers.

The Base Effect

One of the central concerns is the statistical base effect.

Suppose production was unusually low last year.

If production rises this year from that very low level, the growth rate can appear very high even when the actual improvement is less impressive.

Example from the article

Coal production grew 7.6% in July, but this followed a 12.3% contraction in July 2025. Therefore, part of the apparent improvement reflects the low base of the previous year.

Similarly, refinery products grew 2.7%, but this came after contraction in July 2025.

UPSC Concept

High year-on-year growth does not necessarily mean strong underlying economic momentum.

Always examine:

Current growth + previous year’s base + sequential/month-on-month trend

Weak Domestic Demand – The Major Concern

The article connects the slowdown in core-sector growth with weakening domestic demand.

The Manufacturing PMI also declined sharply in July 2026, reaching its lowest level since August 2021.

Why does domestic demand matter?

India’s growth model is significantly supported by private consumption and domestic investment.

When demand weakens:

Lower consumption → lower production → lower investment → weaker employment → slower overall growth

This creates a potential negative feedback loop.

India’s External Dependence on Energy

Another major concern highlighted is energy import dependence.

The article states that India’s crude oil imports increased 13.3% in volume terms in July, while LNG imports increased 1.5%.

Higher international oil prices have also pushed up India’s crude oil import bill.

The article notes that the crude oil import bill increased by 41% in July.

Why are high crude oil prices a problem for India?

India is a major importer of crude oil.

Therefore:

Higher oil prices can lead to:

Higher import bill
↓
Pressure on Current Account Deficit
↓
Demand for foreign exchange rises
↓
Pressure on the rupee
↓
Imported inflationary pressures

At the same time, expensive energy raises production and transportation costs for businesses.

Thus:

Oil prices are a major macroeconomic vulnerability for India.

Russia-related trade and tariff concerns

The article also points to the potential burden on Indian exporters from the 100% tariffs being prepared by the United States on countries importing Russian oil, including India.

UPSC linkage

This connects:

Geopolitics → Energy security → Trade → Export competitiveness → Domestic growth

This is a good example of how external geopolitical developments can affect India’s domestic economy.

Ethanol Blending – Is it reducing oil dependence?

India has been promoting ethanol blending in petrol to reduce dependence on imported crude oil.

The government has been pursuing higher blending targets, but the article notes that moving toward 20% ethanol blending has not yet had a material impact on crude oil imports.

Why is ethanol blending important?

It can potentially:

  • Reduce crude oil import dependence
  • Save foreign exchange
  • Support farmers
  • Promote biofuels
  • Reduce some emissions

But increasing ethanol blending requires attention to:

  • Feedstock availability
  • Food-versus-fuel concerns
  • Water consumption
  • Logistics and storage
  • Vehicle compatibility

Why is the crude oil sector weak despite higher imports?

India can have:

Higher crude oil imports + weak domestic crude production

because domestic demand for petroleum products may remain substantial while domestic extraction is insufficient.

The article notes that domestic crude oil and natural gas production have contracted continuously for at least 14 months in the new ICI series.

This reflects India’s continuing energy import dependence.

Bright Spots in the Economy

The article is not entirely negative.

Electricity

Electricity generation grew by 9% in July, although this was slower than the double-digit growth recorded in May and June.

Cement

Cement growth accelerated to 13.1%.

These sectors can indicate continued activity in:

  • Construction
  • Infrastructure
  • Housing
  • Industrial demand

So the picture is mixed rather than uniformly weak.

What does this mean for the Indian economy?

The article identifies three broad risks:

  1. Slack demand

Consumers and businesses may reduce spending and investment.

  1. Higher costs

Energy and other input costs can increase production expenses.

  1. Moderating growth

Weak demand and high costs can slow industrial and overall economic growth.

Hence:

The core concern is not simply slower industrial growth; it is the combination of weak demand, external energy dependence and higher costs.

Demand-Side vs Supply-Side Issues

This article can be used to distinguish between two types of economic problems.

Demand-side problem

  • Weak household consumption
  • Weak private investment
  • Lower business confidence

Supply-side problem

  • High energy costs
  • Import dependence
  • Production constraints
  • Weak domestic crude and gas output

India’s challenge is that both demand and supply-side pressures can reinforce each other.

Government Policy Response

Possible policy responses include:

Boost private consumption

  • Employment generation
  • Higher rural incomes
  • Targeted welfare support

Encourage private investment

  • Ease of doing business
  • Stable regulatory environment
  • Infrastructure development
  • Credit availability

Reduce energy dependence

  • Renewables
  • Ethanol blending
  • Electric mobility
  • Domestic oil and gas exploration
  • Strategic petroleum reserves

Improve export competitiveness

  • Diversification of export markets
  • Lower logistics costs
  • Higher manufacturing competitiveness
  • Stable trade policy

 

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