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September 1st Current Affairs

Home / UPSC / Current affairs / UPSC Current Affairs – September 1st

Table of Contents

SCO Summit 2026: India’s Eurasian Outreach and Strategic Importance

What is the news?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi is participating in the 26th Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Summit in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, on 31 August–1 September 2026. The summit is significant because it brings together major Eurasian powers, including India, China and Russia, at a time of major geopolitical and security challenges.

What is the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)?

The SCO is a Eurasian political, economic and security organisation established in 2001.

Key facts for UPSC

  • Established: 2001
  • Headquarters: Beijing, China
  • India became a full member: 2017
  • Main areas: Security, counter-terrorism, connectivity and economic cooperation
  • Official languages: Chinese and Russian
  • Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS): Tashkent, Uzbekistan

The organisation evolved from the Shanghai Five mechanism and has expanded into one of the most important regional organisations in Eurasia.

Why is the 2026 SCO Summit important?

The Bishkek Summit comes at a time when Eurasia is facing multiple challenges.

Major issues include:

  1. Terrorism and extremism
  2. Regional security and geopolitical instability
  3. Connectivity and trade
  4. Energy security
  5. Cooperation among Eurasian countries

The SCO traditionally focuses on combating the three major threats known as the:

“Three Evils”

Terrorism + Separatism + Extremism

India considers counter-terrorism cooperation particularly important because of its concerns regarding cross-border terrorism and terror financing.

Why is the SCO important for India?

🇮🇳 A. Access to Central Asia

Central Asia is strategically important for India because of:

  • Energy resources
  • Trade opportunities
  • Strategic location
  • Counter-terrorism cooperation
  • Afghanistan’s stability

The Challenge

India does not have direct land connectivity with Central Asia because of geographical and political constraints.

Therefore, India focuses on alternative connectivity initiatives such as:

Chabahar Port

International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)

These initiatives can improve India’s access to Central Asia, Russia and Europe.

SCO and India's Counter-Terrorism Interests

The SCO provides India with a multilateral platform to raise issues related to:

  • Cross-border terrorism
  • Terror financing
  • Radicalisation
  • Extremism

An important SCO institution is:

Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS)

Headquarters: Tashkent, Uzbekistan

RATS facilitates cooperation among SCO countries against terrorism, separatism and extremism

India, China and Russia: Why is their presence important?

The SCO brings together three major Eurasian powers:

India
China
Russia

Their simultaneous participation makes the SCO an important platform for discussions on the emerging multipolar world order.

However, the SCO also contains significant geopolitical contradictions.

India–China

Major issues include:

  • Boundary dispute
  • Strategic competition in Asia
  • China’s Belt and Road Initiative

India–Russia

Russia remains an important partner for India in areas such as:

  • Defence
  • Energy
  • Nuclear cooperation
  • Eurasian security

India–Pakistan

Major concerns include:

  • Cross-border terrorism
  • Security challenges
  • Regional instability

Therefore:

SCO is a platform for cooperation despite strategic differences.

India and Strategic Autonomy

India participates simultaneously in several international groupings.

Grouping

Broad Importance for India

SCO

Eurasia and Central Asia

BRICS

Global South and economic cooperation

QUAD

Indo-Pacific cooperation

G20

Global economic governance

This reflects India’s foreign-policy approach of:

Strategic Autonomy and Multi-Alignment

India does not want to become dependent on a single geopolitical bloc. Instead, it engages with different countries and organisations based on its national interests.

India’s earlier SCO initiatives have also focused on areas such as startups, innovation, traditional medicine, digital inclusion, youth and cultural cooperation.

Challenges for India within the SCO

  1. China–Pakistan Factor

Both China and Pakistan are members of the SCO and maintain close strategic relations.

This creates diplomatic challenges for India.

  1. Conflicting Interests Among Members

SCO members have several bilateral disputes and competing strategic interests.

Examples include:

  • India–Pakistan tensions
  • India–China strategic competition
  • Differing approaches towards regional conflicts

Therefore, the SCO has limitations in becoming a completely unified political bloc.

  1. Connectivity Disagreements

India supports connectivity projects that respect:

  • Sovereignty
  • Territorial integrity
  • International law

This is important in the context of regional connectivity initiatives.

V-Dem’s Democracy Index Rates India at Its Lowest Since 1975

Why in News?

According to the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Institute’s Democracy Report 2026, India’s performance on the Electoral Democracy Index (EDI) has declined to its lowest level since the 1975 Emergency period. The report describes India as undergoing a long-term process of autocratisation and highlights concerns relating to democratic institutions and freedoms.

This development is important for UPSC because it connects with:

  • Democracy and constitutionalism
  • Rule of law
  • Separation of powers
  • Independence of institutions
  • Electoral reforms
  • Civil liberties
  • International democracy indices

What is V-Dem?

V-Dem = Varieties of Democracy

V-Dem is an international research project based at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.

Unlike democracy rankings that examine only elections, V-Dem adopts a multidimensional approach to democracy.

It measures democracy using hundreds of indicators and examines different dimensions of democratic governance. The latest V-Dem Dataset is Version 16, published in March 2026.

The Five Major Dimensions of Democracy in V-Dem

  1. Electoral Democracy

This examines whether:

  • Elections are free and fair.
  • Citizens can participate politically.
  • Elections are meaningful.
  • Political competition exists.
  • The government can be held accountable through elections.
  1. Liberal Democracy

This goes beyond elections and examines:

  • Rule of law
  • Protection of individual rights
  • Civil liberties
  • Judicial independence
  • Checks and balances
  • Limits on executive power
  1. Participatory Democracy

It measures the extent to which citizens participate beyond elections.

Examples:

  • Civil society participation
  • Local self-government
  • Direct citizen participation
  • Public involvement in decision-making

4. Deliberative Democracy

This focuses on the quality of public reasoning and debate.

It examines whether:

  • Policies are based on reasoned debate.
  • Different opinions are heard.
  • Decisions are taken after meaningful discussion.
  1. Egalitarian Democracy

This examines whether political power and participation are distributed equally across society.

It considers:

  • Equal access to political participation
  • Social inequalities
  • Representation of marginalised groups

V-Dem therefore treats democracy as much more than simply conducting periodic elections.

What does the V-Dem Report say about India?

The report and the news discussion highlight a long-term decline in India’s democratic indicators, with the current Electoral Democracy Index level described as the lowest since 1975.

Areas highlighted include concerns relating to:

  • Judicial accountability
  • Autonomy of election-management institutions
  • Impartiality of public administration
  • Freedom of expression
  • Academic and cultural freedom
  • Media independence and the situation of journalists
  • Civil society and opposition space

The V-Dem report characterises India’s democratic trajectory as one of autocratisation since 2009.

What is Autocratisation?

Autocratisation

Autocratisation refers to a process in which a country experiences a decline in democratic institutions, freedoms and checks on political power.

It does not necessarily mean an immediate transition to dictatorship.

It can occur gradually through:

  • Weakening institutional checks
  • Restrictions on civil liberties
  • Declining media freedom
  • Reduced independence of institutions
  • Concentration of executive power
  • Weakening political competition

Opposite process:

Democratisation

Democratisation means the expansion and strengthening of democratic institutions and freedoms.

Important V-Dem Classification of Political Regimes

V-Dem broadly distinguishes between:

Regime Type

Meaning

Liberal Democracy

Elections + strong rights + rule of law + institutional checks

Electoral Democracy

Competitive and meaningful elections, but weaker liberal safeguards

Electoral Autocracy

Elections exist, but democratic competition and freedoms are substantially restricted

Closed Autocracy

Citizens do not have meaningful electoral opportunities to choose national leaders

Why is the comparison with 1975 significant?

The year 1975 is politically and constitutionally significant because of the National Emergency (1975–77).

During the Emergency:

  • Fundamental freedoms were severely affected.
  • Political opposition faced restrictions.
  • Press freedom was curtailed.
  • Democratic institutions came under significant stress.

Therefore, the report’s comparison of current democratic indicators with levels last seen around 1975 makes the issue particularly relevant for UPSC’s study of Indian constitutional democracy and institutional safeguards.

Global Picture: Is Democracy Declining Worldwide?

Yes. The V-Dem Democracy Report 2026 presents a broader global concern regarding democratic backsliding.

According to V-Dem, autocratisation is occurring across different regions, including established Western democracies. The report’s assessment also shows that the global democratic situation has deteriorated significantly, making democratic backsliding a worldwide not merely country-specific phenomenon.

Constitutional Provisions Relevant to This News

Constitutional Principle

Relevance

Article 14

Equality before law

Article 19

Freedom of speech and other freedoms

Article 21

Protection of life and personal liberty

Article 32

Constitutional remedies

Independent Judiciary

Protection of constitutional rights

Election Commission

Conduct of free and fair elections

Parliamentary Accountability

Checks on executive power

Indus Waters Treaty: India Rejects Arbitration Ruling, Dispute Over Water-Sharing Intensifies

What is the news?

The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) has again become a major issue in India–Pakistan relations. On August 31, 2026, an arbitration panel at The Hague ruled that India must uphold the treaty and that it could not unilaterally place the treaty in abeyance. The ruling also imposed temporary restrictions related to certain works on the Ratle Hydroelectric Project pending an assessment by a World Bank-appointed Neutral Expert.

However, India rejected the ruling, describing the Court of Arbitration as illegally constituted and maintaining that it does not recognise the tribunal’s jurisdiction.

This issue is highly important for UPSC Prelims, Mains GS-II (International Relations), GS-III (Water Resources) and International Law.

What is the Indus Waters Treaty?

The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) is a water-sharing agreement between:

🇮🇳 India and 🇵🇰 Pakistan

Important facts

  • Signed: 19 September 1960
  • Signed by: Jawaharlal Nehru and Mohammad Ayub Khan
  • Brokered by: World Bank
  • Objective: Distribution and utilisation of the waters of the Indus River system

The treaty is often considered one of the world’s most significant examples of transboundary water cooperation.

The Six Rivers under the Indus Waters Treaty

The treaty divides the six major rivers into:

Eastern Rivers → Primarily for India

Ravi + Beas + Sutlej

India has unrestricted use of the waters of the Eastern Rivers, subject to the treaty’s provisions.

Easy mnemonic:

RBS = Ravi, Beas, Sutlej → India

Western Rivers → Primarily for Pakistan

Indus + Jhelum + Chenab

Pakistan receives the primary rights over the waters of these rivers.

However, India is permitted specified uses, including:

  • Domestic use
  • Agriculture
  • Navigation
  • Non-consumptive uses
  • Hydroelectric power generation, subject to treaty conditions

Easy mnemonic:

IJC = Indus, Jhelum, Chenab → Pakistan

Why is the Indus Waters Treaty important?

The treaty is remarkable because it has survived:

  • The 1965 India–Pakistan War
  • The 1971 War
  • The Kargil conflict
  • Several periods of severe political and military tensions

Thus, the IWT has traditionally been viewed as an example of how functional cooperation can continue despite geopolitical rivalry.

Why is the treaty in the news now?

The present controversy involves two major issues:

  1. India’s decision to place the treaty in abeyance

India placed the treaty in abeyance in April 2025, following a militant attack in Jammu and Kashmir.

This significantly changed the nature of India–Pakistan water relations and led to disputes regarding:

  • Information sharing
  • Hydrological data
  • Treaty mechanisms
  • India’s future rights and obligations
  1. Dispute over the Court of Arbitration

The latest development is a ruling by the arbitration panel stating that the treaty remains binding and cannot be unilaterally suspended.

The tribunal also dealt with issues related to India’s Ratle Hydroelectric Project.

India’s position:

India has rejected the ruling and argues that the Court of Arbitration is illegally constituted and lacks jurisdiction over India’s sovereign decisions.

Therefore, the present dispute is not only about water. It also involves:

Treaty interpretation + International law + Sovereignty + Dispute-resolution mechanisms

What are the major hydroelectric disputes?

Two projects have been central to India–Pakistan differences:

Kishenganga Hydroelectric Project

Located on the Kishenganga/Neelum River, a tributary of the Jhelum.

Ratle Hydroelectric Project

Located on the Chenab River.

Pakistan has raised objections regarding the design and operation of certain Indian hydroelectric projects.

India maintains that its projects are consistent with the rights available to it under the treaty.

The recent arbitration ruling has brought the Ratle project back into focus.

Dispute Resolution Mechanism under the IWT

The treaty provides a graded dispute-resolution mechanism.

Step 1️⃣: Permanent Indus Commission (PIC)

The treaty established the:

Permanent Indus Commission

It consists of:

  • One Commissioner from India
  • One Commissioner from Pakistan

Its role includes:

  • Exchange of information
  • Cooperation
  • Inspection of projects
  • Resolution of differences

Step 2️⃣: Neutral Expert

Certain technical disputes can be referred to a:

Neutral Expert

Step 3️⃣: Court of Arbitration

More serious legal disputes can be referred to a:

Court of Arbitration

Why is the Indus Basin strategically important?

The Indus River system is important because it supports:

 Agriculture
Irrigation
Hydroelectricity
Human settlements
Regional ecological systems

Pakistan is particularly dependent on the Indus river system for irrigation and agriculture, making water security a highly sensitive strategic issue.

India’s concerns regarding the Treaty

From India’s perspective, important concerns include:

🔹 1. Terrorism and National Security

India has increasingly linked bilateral cooperation with broader concerns regarding cross-border terrorism and national security.

🔹 2. Full Utilisation of India’s Rights

India seeks to fully utilise the rights available to it under the treaty, particularly regarding:

  • Hydroelectric power
  • Irrigation
  • Storage within permitted limits

🔹 3. Delays in Dispute Resolution

India has raised concerns regarding prolonged legal and dispute-resolution processes involving infrastructure project

🔹 4. Climate Change

The treaty was negotiated in 1960.

Today, the Indus Basin faces new challenges such as:

  • Glacier retreat
  • Changing precipitation patterns
  • Floods
  • Droughts
  • Increasing water demand

Therefore, climate change has made transboundary water management more complex.

Pakistan’s concerns

Pakistan’s principal concerns relate to:

  • Dependence on Indus waters
  • Agricultural and irrigation requirements
  • Possible effects of upstream infrastructure
  • Flow regulation
  • Hydroelectric projects

Therefore, any major disruption in the functioning of the treaty has significant implications for Pakistan’s water security.

International Law Angle

Can a country unilaterally suspend an international treaty?

Generally, treaty obligations and their suspension or termination depend upon:

  • The provisions of the treaty itself
  • Mutual agreement between parties
  • Applicable principles of international law

The IWT itself does not contain a simple unilateral exit mechanism; its continuation and modification provisions have therefore become central to the current legal debate. The arbitration panel has held that India cannot unilaterally suspend the treaty, while India rejects the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the validity of its ruling.

INS NIPUN: Indian Navy Strengthens Deep-Sea Diving and Submarine Rescue Capability

Why in News?

The Indian Navy commissioned INS Nipun on 31 August 2026 at the Naval Dockyard, Mumbai. It is the second Diving Support Vessel (DSV) of the Nistar class and will significantly strengthen India’s capability in deep-sea diving, underwater intervention and submarine rescue operations.

This is important for UPSC Prelims and GS-III, particularly under:

  • Defence and Security
  • Indigenous technology
  • Maritime security
  • Indigenisation of defence production
  • Science and technology in defence

What is INS Nipun?

INS Nipun is a Diving Support Vessel (DSV)

A Diving Support Vessel is a specialised naval ship designed to support complex operations beneath the sea.

INS Nipun can support:

  • Deep-sea diving operations
  • Underwater intervention and maintenance
  • Submarine rescue operations
  • Search and salvage operations
  • Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) operations
  • Specialised medical support for divers

It is the second vessel of the Nistar-class, after INS Nistar.

Why is INS Nipun significant?

The induction of INS Nipun is important because underwater operations are among the most technologically demanding military operations.

It strengthens India’s ability to respond to:

  • A submarine accident
  • Distress situations involving submarines
  • Deep-sea emergencies
  • Underwater salvage operations
  • Rescue of trapped submarine personnel

The Indian Navy now has enhanced specialist underwater capability on both the eastern and western seaboards, improving its ability to respond rapidly across the Indian Ocean region.

INS Nipun and Submarine Rescue

What happens if a submarine is stranded underwater?

A submarine rescue operation broadly involves:

Locate the submarine → Establish contact → Reach the distressed submarine → Transfer personnel → Evacuate safely

INS Nipun plays an important role by acting as a support platform for submarine rescue operations.

It can serve as a Mother Ship for the Deep Submergence Rescue Vessel (DSRV). The DSRV is a specialised rescue vehicle used to help evacuate personnel from a distressed submarine.

Simple Flow:

INS Nipun → Supports → 🤿 DSRV → Rescues personnel from a distressed submarine

What is Deep Sea Saturation Diving?

Saturation Diving

In very deep underwater operations, divers cannot simply descend and immediately return to the surface.

At great depths, the human body is exposed to:

  • High pressure
  • Changes in dissolved gases
  • Risk of decompression sickness

Saturation diving allows divers to remain under controlled pressure for extended periods, enabling prolonged deep-sea operations.

INS Nipun is equipped with specialised diving systems capable of supporting deep-sea saturation diving operations.

Indigenous Construction and Atmanirbhar Bharat

INS Nipun has been:

Designed and constructed by:

Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL), Visakhapatnam.

Its commissioning demonstrates India’s growing ability to build technologically sophisticated and specialised naval platforms domestically. The vessel has a high level of indigenous content, making it significant for the Atmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India initiatives in defence manufacturing.

Nistar Class:

Feature

Details

Class

Nistar-class

Type

Diving Support Vessel (DSV)

Second vessel

INS Nipun

First vessel

INS Nistar

Built by

Hindustan Shipyard Limited

Shipyard location

Visakhapatnam

Major role

Deep-sea diving and submarine rescue

Special capability

Supports DSRV operations

Significance

Indigenous specialist underwater capability

 

Strategic Importance for India

India has a vast maritime area of interest in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).

The Indian Navy needs the capability to operate not only on the surface of the sea, but also:

In the air

On the sea surface

Under the sea

INS Nipun improves India’s capability in this increasingly important underwater domain.

Strategic significance:

  • Strengthens submarine safety
  • Improves emergency-response capability
  • Enhances underwater operational readiness
  • Supports India’s maritime-security role
  • Improves disaster and search-and-rescue capability
  • Reduces dependence on foreign support during specialised underwater emergencies

The commissioning is therefore important for India’s broader goal of becoming a capable maritime power and strengthening operational readiness in the Indian Ocean Region.

India–Russia Relations: Modi–Putin Meeting at the SCO Summit — A “Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership”

Why in News?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi met Russian President Vladimir Putin on the sidelines of the SCO Summit in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, on August 31, 2026. This was their first meeting of 2026. The two leaders reviewed the broad India–Russia relationship, including defence, energy, trade, space, mobility and people-to-people ties.

A major focus was the Russia–Ukraine conflict. PM Modi emphasised that the war should move from an “endless war” towards an end to the war, stressing peace and dialogue. Putin also briefed Modi on the situation in Ukraine.

Nature of India–Russia Relations

India and Russia share a long-standing relationship described officially as the:

“Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership”

The relationship has remained important despite major changes in the international system.

In 2000, India and Russia established the Strategic Partnership, which was upgraded to a Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership in 2010. The two countries continue to describe the relationship as based on mutual trust, respect for core national interests and strategic convergence.

Historical Background

During the Cold War

India was officially non-aligned, but relations with the Soviet Union became particularly close.

Important milestones include:

1971 – Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation

The treaty strengthened strategic cooperation between India and the Soviet Union during a period of major geopolitical tensions in South Asia.

After the Soviet Union collapsed

India quickly established relations with the Russian Federation and worked to preserve the defence, political and economic relationship.

2000

President Vladimir Putin’s visit to India resulted in the Declaration on Strategic Partnership.

2010

The relationship was upgraded to the Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership.

Defence Cooperation — The Traditional Pillar

Defence cooperation has traditionally been one of the strongest pillars of India–Russia relations.

Major examples include:

🚀 BrahMos

A jointly developed supersonic cruise missile developed by India and Russia.

✈️ Su-30MKI

A major fighter aircraft operated by the Indian Air Force, based on Russian technology and produced in India.

⚓ INS Vikramaditya

India’s aircraft carrier acquired from Russia.

🛡️ S-400

India has acquired the Russian S-400 Triumf air-defence system.

Joint development and production

The relationship has increasingly moved from simply buying Russian weapons towards:

Joint development + joint production + technology cooperation

Military and military-technical cooperation continues to be an important pillar of the partnership.

Energy Cooperation

Energy has become increasingly important in India–Russia relations.

Major areas:

  • Crude oil
  • Natural gas
  • Nuclear energy
  • Coal
  • Renewable and emerging energy cooperation

Russia has become an important source of energy imports for India, particularly since the Russia–Ukraine conflict disrupted global energy markets.

Why is Russian oil important for India?

India is a major energy importer.

Purchasing Russian crude at competitive prices has helped India:

  • Diversify suppliers
  • Manage energy costs
  • Improve energy security
  • Reduce vulnerability to supply disruptions

The current Modi–Putin discussions also highlighted the importance of the growing economic and energy relationship.

Nuclear Energy Cooperation

Russia is an important partner in India’s civil nuclear energy programme.

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

Tamil Nadu

The project is being developed with Russian cooperation.

Space Cooperation

India and Russia also cooperate in the space sector.

Areas include:

  • Human spaceflight
  • Astronaut training
  • Space technology
  • Satellite and launch-related cooperation

Russia has historically played an important role in India’s space programme, including astronaut training and cooperation related to India’s human spaceflight ambitions.

Trade and Economic Relations

Economic relations have expanded significantly, especially due to increased energy trade.

However, India–Russia trade faces challenges.

Major problems:

  • Trade imbalance
  • Payment mechanisms
  • Sanctions on Russia
  • Logistics and connectivity
  • Currency-related difficulties

Why is the trade imbalance important?

India imports considerably more from Russia than it exports to Russia, largely because of energy imports.

Therefore, India wants to diversify exports to Russia and improve the overall balance of trade.

Why Does India Maintain Relations with Russia Despite Western Pressure?

India’s approach is based on strategic autonomy.

India’s interests include:

Defence
↓
Russia remains an important source of military equipment and technology.

Energy
↓
Russia provides major energy supplies.

Geopolitics
↓
Russia is a major power in Eurasia and the UN Security Council.

Central Asia
↓
Russia has considerable influence in the region.

China
↓
India does not want Russia to become excessively dependent on China.

Therefore:

India does not view its relationship with Russia as a zero-sum choice between Russia and the West.

Russia and India at the United Nations

Russia is a Permanent Member of the UN Security Council.

P5 Members:

🇺🇸 USA
🇷🇺 Russia
🇨🇳 China
🇫🇷 France
🇬🇧 UK

Russia’s support is important for India’s broader diplomatic interests, including India’s long-standing demand for permanent membership of the UN Security Council.

India–Russia and Multipolarity

Both India and Russia support the idea of a:

Multipolar World Order

This means international power should not be concentrated in one country or one bloc.

India’s participation in:

  • BRICS
  • SCO
  • G20
  • QUAD
  • UN

demonstrates its approach of engaging with multiple platforms.

Challenges in India–Russia Relations

  1. Growing Russia–China closeness

Russia’s increasing dependence on China could reduce India’s strategic space.

  1. Western sanctions

US and European sanctions on Russia create complications for:

  • Banking
  • Payments
  • Defence transactions
  • Technology cooperation
  1. Defence diversification

India is increasingly diversifying its defence imports towards:

🇫🇷 France
🇺🇸 USA
🇮🇱 Israel

This may gradually reduce Russia’s share in India’s defence inventory.

  1. Russia–Ukraine war

The prolonged conflict creates diplomatic difficulties for India because India maintains relationships with both Russia and Western countries.

  1. Trade imbalance

Energy imports have increased the trade deficit from India’s perspective.

 

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